Topic 3

Macro: lipid (fat), carbohydrate, water and protein. Micro: vitamins and minerals fribre

Carbohydrates: Fuel, energy storage, cell membrane, DNA, RNA Lipids (Fats): Fuel, energy storage, cell membrane, hormones, precursor of bile acid Protein: Structure, transport, communication, enzymes, protection, fuel Water: Medium for biochemical reactions, transport, excretion Vitamins: Energy release from macro units, metabolism, bone health, blood health, eyesight Minerals and trace elements: Minerlizations of bones and teeth, blood oxygen transport, defense against free radicals, muscle function

C, H and O (1:2:1 ratio)

c6h12o6

Condensation reaction—the linking of a monosaccharide to another monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide by the removal of a water molecule.

Triglycerides are made up of a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chains.

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. Saturated fats originate from animalsources, for example, meat, poultry, full-fat dairyproducts and tropical oils, such as palm and coconut oils. Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms within the fatty acid chain. Unsaturated fats originate from plant-based foods, for example, olive oil, olives, avocado, peanuts, cashew nuts, canola oil and seeds, sunflower oil and rapeseed. Unsaturated vs Saturated - Unsaturated vs Saturated Unsaturated have one or more bond between their carbon atoms liquid at room temperature from plant-based foods ex. oil Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms within the fatty acid chain. Unsaturated fats originate from plant-based foods, for example, olive oil, olives, avocado, peanuts, cashew nuts, canola oil and seeds, sunflower oil and rapeseed. ## **Monounsaturated Fatty acid (MUFA) = single double bond** ## **Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) = multiple double bonds** Saturated Fat - have no double bonds between their carbon atoms, only single bonds - solid at room temperature - from animal sources ex. meat, dairy and tropical oils such as coconut - Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. Saturated fats originate from animal sources, for example, meat, poultry, full-fat dairy products and tropical oils, such as palm and coconut oils.

C H O N

9 Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from diet. 11 Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the human body

45–65 % carbohydrate, primary energy 10−35 % fat 20−35 % protein - reduce daily sodium intake - keep trans fatty acid consumption as low as possible - reduce the intake of calories from solid fats and added sugars - choose a variety of protein foods (seafood and beans) - adequate water consumption carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram / 1760 kJ per 100 grams ✔ proteins provide 4 calories per gram / 1720 kJ per 100 grams ✔ fats provide 9 calories per gram / 4000 kJ per 100 grams ✔ recommendations vary by …✔ calorie intake should be 2000–3000 for males and 1600–2400 females ✔ there is much contention about recommended ranges ✔

per 100 g are: carbohydrate 1760 kJ, lipid 4000 kJ and protein 1720 kJ.

Athletes eat more Explain the differences in dietary recommendations for a runner during marathon training and a sedentary individual both with healthy body mass index (BMI). has a high training volume and therefore have a much higher recommendation for carb intake; need some fat stores increase in fat need to recover after activity and are recommended a higher protein intake; thermoregulate more higher water/ electrolyte intake; greater mineral and vitamin intake for bone strength/blood cell

Metabolism: All the biochemical reactions thatoccur within an organism, including anabolic and catabolic reactions. Anabolism: Energy requiring reactions whereby small molecules are built up into larger ones. Catabolism: Chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simpler ones, with the net release of energy Aerobic Catabolism: with the involvement of oxygen eg glucose to ATP, water, carbon dioxide, heat via krebs cycle and electron transport chain. (aerobic glycolysis) Anaerobic Catabolism: without the involvement of oxygen. eg glucose to ATP, pyruvate, lactate, hydrogen ions (anaerobic glycolysis) Glycogenesis - glucose to glycogen Lipolysis - the breakdown of stored lipids into glycerol and fatty acids Glycogenolysis - the breakdown of glycogen back into glucose so it can be released into the blood Glycogen - glucose Stored in the liver and muscles, it is a polysaccharide made out of glucose

• Highly branched chain of glucose monomers • energy storage in animals liver and muscle

Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle

• After eating the blood glucose concentration increases • stimulating the pancreas to secrete insulin from it’s beta cells. • Insulin increases the transport of glucose into the cell by the translocation of the glucose transporters from within the cell to the surface of the cell. • Insulin stimulates glycolysis - glucose to pyruvate to lower the blood glucose levels after a meal. • It promotes glycogenesis (glucose to glycogen) It promotes protein synthesis. Insulin inhibits: 6. gluconeogenesis (conversion of lactate, protien or fat to glucose) 7. lipolysis in fat stores and the break down of protiens

Glycogenolysis is the catabolic process of breaking down glycogen into glucose to provide a source of energy. This process primarily occurs in the liver and muscle tissues. involves a hydrolysis reaction. can be glucagon. insulin inhibits glycogenolysis. requires enzymes for optimal function. Lipolysis Lipolysis is the metabolic pathway through which triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids. This process occurs primarily in adipose (fat) tissue and is crucial for mobilizing stored energy. Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of glycogen into glucose, mainly in the liver and muscles, to provide energy. Lipolysis: Breakdown of fats (triglycerides) into fatty acids and glycerol, primarily in fat cells, for energy use.

Adrenaline: 1. stimulate glycogenolysis ; stimulate lipolysis ; • block glucose storage by the muscles; facilitate sympathetic nervous activity within the body; • increase heart rate/cardiac output/contractility of the heart; increase vasodilation of blood vessels within the muscles; glucagon: 1. produced by the pancreas / alpha cells and released into the blood stream ✔ 2. is released when blood glucose levels are too low ✔ • promotes glycogenolysis / gluconeogenesis / lipolysis ✔

• insulin and muscle contraction stimulate glucose uptake from the blood into skeletal muscle • insulin production is a response to high blood sugar/glucose levels ✔ 3.insulin and muscle contractionstimulates glucose uptake from the blood into skeletal muscle OR insulin and muscle contraction improves cell membrane permeability to glucose ✔ • increased sensitivity leads to decreased insulin/glycogen production ✔ insulin: made by the pancreas/beta cells ✔ • is released into the blood stream to affect many cells ✔ • is released when blood glucose levels are high ✔ • allows cells (muscle, liver, fat) to take up glucose / glycogenesis / lipogenesis✔

The diagram should show ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion and nucleus.

Cristae, inner matrix and outer smooth membrane.

Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells

Energy is released when an ATP molecule is combined with water and ATPase. the process of phosphorylation - adding a phosphate group and dephosphorylation removing. from catabolism muscles have about 2 seconds of atp Adenosine gains a phosphate through phosphorylation by enzymes like ATP synthase. It loses one through hydrolysis, releasing energy when the bond breaks (e.g., ATP to ADP).

• the breakdown of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) releasing a phosphate molecule, which provides energy for muscle contraction myosin heads use the breakdown of ATP to trigger the contraction process ✔ • the breakdown of ATP to ADP releases phosphate molecule ✔ • the release of a phosphate molecule provides the energy for muscle contraction ✔ • ATP reattaches to the myosin head and this causes the detachment of the crossbridge ready for the next phase if necessary ✔ • during sprinting the ATP will come from stores (2 seconds approximately) / fromthe ATP-PC system ✔ • depending on the length of the sprint the lactic acid process will provide sources ofATP ✔