Gene regulation

Pol I - transcribes rRNA Pol II - mRNA Pol III - tRNA, snRNA

interact with transcription process (bind to activator protein)

Euchromatin - lightly stained, less condensed, transcriptionally active vs Heterochromatin

Alternative splicing - diff proteins depending on which exons are spliced out (ex: tropomyosin has 11 exons, diff tissues miss diff exons)

polya.. 5’ g cap? Ribosome searches for start codon; regions before while its looking = 5’ untranslated region, controls stability of mRNA present in after 3’ end

micro RNAs (22 bp) form 3D structures - protein - looks for complementary sequence in mRNA (usually in untranslated region) - regulates translation of that RNA

proteins are destroyed on schedule by the proteosome (ubiquitin tag on damaged/whatever protein = mark of death)

moving a single gene from one organism to another • to make an organism express a new gene –> new phenotype • to understand a phenotype

enzymes that cut phage DNA (bacteria modifies its DNA after release to protect itself) - doesn’t cut straight, leaves a ragged end –> we used ragged end to insert DNA (insulin)

DNA Ligase used to link sugar-phosphate backbone (after inserting insulin gene w BamHI)

Make DNA copy of mRNA (lacking introns) with reverse transcriptase (instead of cloning gene in chromosome in eukaryote) reverse transcriptase needs 3’ hydroxyl (DNA polymerase) - make oligo T which binds to poly-a tails (which we know all mRNAs have) RNA –> RNA & DNA primer –> RNA & cDNA –> cDNA –> double strand cDNA

Melt double strand apart - bind to complementary radioactive sequence “stickiness” of DNA depends on number of H-bonds (GC pairs have 3, TA have 2)

2 insulin genes in a bacteria cuzthey sticky to eachother

Use restriction enzyme and find out where it cut