Organic chemistry
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What are: hydrocarbons
Compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon
What are: Saturated molecules
molecules containing only single carbon bonds
What are: Unsaturated molecules
A molecule containg at least a double C=C bond
What is a: Homologous series
A family of compounds that have: * similar chemical properties * differ by a CH2 group * trends in physical characterstics * same general formula * same functional group
What is a: functional group
an atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a molecule
What is a: General formula
An algebraic expression showing the number of C and H atoms that each member of a homologous series has
What is a: Structural isomer
Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula
What is: Combustion
Chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with products and heat
What is: Substitution
When an atom/group of atoms gets replaced by another
What is: Addition
Whne two molecules add together to form one molecule by breaking a double bond
What is: Cracking
A process in which long-chain hydrocarbons are turned into short-chain hydrocarbons and alkenes. This is to match the higher demand for shorter hydrocarbons compared to long hydrocarbons
What is the: structure of hydrocarbons
simple covalent
what are the: startings for molecules with 1-8 carbons
• meth • eth • prop • but • pent • hex • sept • oct
Name 3 different: homologous series
aclols alkenes alkanes
What is required for: a substitution reaction with alkanes to happen
UV light to provide extra energy to the bond so it can break
PRACTICE NAMING AND DRAWING ALKANES AND ALKENES
What is each: fraction in crude oil
A mixture of different hydrocarbons with around the same boiling point
What is the process of: collecting different fractions of crude oil
• crude oil is heated and turned into a gas before it goes into the column • there is a temperature gradient in the column, with the bottom being hotter than the top • all the different fractions of crude oil have different boiling points because they have different chain lengths • the crude oil rises up the column and cools down until it reaches boiling point into a liquid • each fraction condenses at a different height so it can be collected seperately
How is: NO/NO2 formed
formed in car engines due to high temperatures in car engines forms acid rain
What are: Polymers
Long chains that are formed from molecules with double carbon bonds breaking up and joining to another carbon.
What are the different: Polymers required to know for IGCSE
Poly(ethene) Poly(propene) Poly(tetrafluoroethene) poly(vinylchloride)/PVC
Poly(ethene)
High density used for strength and rigidity HDPE
Poly(Propene)
Stronger than poly ethene and used for ropes and crates
poly(tetrafluoroethene)
Made from tetrafluorine which is like ethene, but with fluorine instead of hydrogen used as a non-stick coating for pots and pans unreactive due to strong carbon and fluorine bonds