Executives

• Leadership • Security • Crises Response • Execution • Appointment • Representation • Making policies

Enhancing trust and accountability Public opinion & Media coverage

Centralised in one party/leader Monopoly over the state - political restrictions - absence of constitutional controls

Head of State represents the citizens’ needs and isn’t politically involved Head of Government not always represents the needs of citizens and focuses on representing and promoting his/her political party

a form of rule in which the HofS/G is the same person (US) 1. Elective Principle 2. Fixed terms 3. Cannot form his government 4. The Senate is above the president - cannot get rid of it (impeachment) 5. Internally restricted

• select a candidate from each state • presidential campaign throughout the country • president is chosen by electorates (50+1) *no proportional representation

• National symbol & widespread support • Aviods instabilities • Limited government

• Powerless since needs the consent from the Senate • Cannot declare war • Congress can override veto

a form of rule in which the HofS/G are different people (UK) 1. HofS is elected or already chosen (monarchies) 2. HofG is appointed by HofS or elected publicly 3. Unlimited terms 4. Form his government 5. Part of the ministry & parliament 6. HofG can be removed by HofS

a form of rule combining presidential and parliamentary executives 1. HofS/G can be the same or different people 2. (Un)Limited terms 3. HofG is responsible for the legislature

France The President is elected by popular vote and selects the PM

Russia The PM responds to the President

Preselected candidate President serves as the “de facto” HofG

• Single Party Majority: 1 political party has the majority of votes • Single Party Minority: 1 political party doesn’t have the majority of seats required • Coalition: government formation of more than 1 party to make the majority of seats

• Minority Coalition: fewer seats than required for majority • Minimum Winning Coalition: enough and needed parties to make 50%+1 *if one party drops there isn’t a coalition • Surplus Majority Coalition: too many parties within the coalition which aren’t needed

• Policy Seeking: for the policy to be implemented - in a coalition, the fewer parties the better so the policy can easily be implemented minority coalition • Office Seeking: for the power - in a coalition, the fewer parties the more control minimum winning coalition (o+p)

The stability of a coalition is measured in days Each change within the coalition is considered to be a creation of a new government

is responsible for making laws, representing the interests of the people, and holding the government accountable.

implementing government policies and managing government departments