Landrigan

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models that could describe unique features of young developing humans

To provide direct information on the relative contribution of exposures at different ages to lifetime risks Appropriate toxicological tests for perinatal and childhood toxicity

Hand to mouth behaviour Play close to ground

Immature Ability to metabolize, detoxify, and excrete environmental agents is different from adults More or less vulnerable depending on the chemical

Easily disrupted during rapid growth and development before and after birth Destruction of cells by chemicals, or endocrine mimickers influencing signalling

More years to live, therefore more time to develop diseases initiated by early exposure

Causes limb reduction defects following use in pregnancy

Antagonist of folic acid Associated with anencephaly, meningocele, hydrocephalus and cleft lip

Broad spectrum of anomalies Orofacial clefts, nail and digital hypoplasia, growth abnormalities, and mental deficiency

Neural tube defects Heart, craniofacial and limb anomalies

Hypoplasia of nasal cartialge, chondrodysplasias, atrophy of optic nerves

Chemicals that have capacity to interfere with body’s hormonal signalling Embryo, fetus and neonate, and child in prepubertal period are at high risk of adverse consequences

1) Improved exposure assessment 2) Enhanced toxicity testing 3) New toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic models 4) Mechanistically based approach to hazard assessment 5) Application of uncertainty and safety factors that specifically consider children’s risks