Respiratory disease and investigations
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What types of respiratory disorders are there?
-diseases affecting the airways -diseases affecting the parenchyma -diseases affecting vasculature -diseases affecting the chest wall
What are the three main respiratory disease groups?
-congenital diseases -infection -disorders
What are some respiratory congenital abnormalities?
-congenital cysts -lobar sequestrations (lung develops not connected to the tubing) -vascular abnormalities -agenesis (lungs fail to develop) -abnormalities of trachea or bronchi
Give some examples of respiratory infections
-pneumonia -SARS, MERS. COVID-19 -TB -bronchitis
Describe the origin of community aquired pneumonie-CAP
-streptococcus pneumoniae -mycoplasmsa pneumoniae -haemophilus influenzae
Describe the origin of hospital aquired pneumonie-HAP
-klebsiella -psuedomonas -E.coli
Describe the main symptoms of Novel coronaviruses
fever,chills,myalgia,malaise, cough ,deterioration in respiratory function
Name three types of COPD
-eemphysema -chronic bronchitic -chronic asthma
What is bronchiectasis?
permanenet dilation of airways associated with chronic infection
Describe interstitial lung diseases
diseases of the lung parenchyma- the space between alveolar epithelium and capillary endotthelium
What are the two main groups of interstital lung diseases?
-granulomatous -fibrotic
Name some interstital lung diseases
-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis -sarcoidosis -occupation lung diseases such as asbestosis
What are some diseases of pulmonary vasculature?
-pulmoary oedema -pulmonary emboli -pulmonary haemorrhage -pulmonary hypertension
What are some diseases that affect the chest wall?
-ankylosing spondylitis -congenital deformities -flail chest -scoliosis -kyphosis -kyphoscoliosis
What is a pleural effusion?
fluid between parietal and visceral pleura
What is empyema?
Pus between pleura
What is a haemothroax?
blood within pleural cavity
What is a pneumothorax?
air within the pleural cavity spontaneous: primary-common in young men secondary-occcurs due to underlying lung disease
What causes a traumatic pneumothorax?
-positive pressure ventialtion -stab wound -rib fracture
Name some neuromuscular disorders that affect the chest wall
-muscular dystrophy -diaphragmatic paralysis -Guillain-Barre syndrome -myasthenia gravis -motor neurone disease
What are some respiratory function tests?
-Spirometry -transfer factor -body plethsmography -reversibility test -inhaler technique -oscillometry -six min walk test -cardiopulmoary excersise testing -hypoxic challenge -oxygen assesment -arterial blood gas sampling and analysis -earlobe capillary blood sampling and analysis
What does spirometry tests measure?
-mechanical properties of the lungs -effort dependent -measures flow and volume(dynamic lung volumes)
What does a transfer factor measure?
-the ability of gases to move from the alveoli into the blood -test measures the uptake of CO as it has similar properties to O2
Describe static lung volume tests
-body plethymography -gas dilution techniques -helium dilution -nitrogen washout