C6.1
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What are the three essential elements for plants
Nitrogen, Phosphorus and potassium
Sign of each deficiency
Nitrogen - poor growth, yellow leaves Phosphorus - poor root growth, discoloured leaves Potassium - poor fruit growth, discoloured leaves
What do fertilisers do
They replace the elements used by plants as they grow.
What is the haber process equation
N2 + 3H2 −⇀ 2NH3
Where are the raw materials for the Haber process got from
Nitrogen from the fractional distillation or liquefaction or air Hydrogen from the reacting of natural gas with steam
How can potassium sulphate and ammonium sulphate be made in the laboratory
H2SO4 + KOH you can perform a titration and add activated charcoal to remove phenolphthalein indicator NH3 + H2SO4 you can perform a titration on it again and add phenolphthalein again and use charcoal to remove it
What colour is phenolphthalein in acid
colourless
Difference between a batch process and continuous process
batch process - small amount made Continuous process - make large amounts and go on all the time
Chosen conditions for the Haber process
20 MPa Temperature of 450 degrees Iron catalyst
Why are these conditions chosen
Hazardous and expensive to choose a very high pressure. High equilibrium yield would not justify additional costs and pressure is chosen as a compromise. Temperature chosen as it’s low enough to achieve reasonable rate of reaction and a reasonable equilibrium yield and iron catalyst work more efficiently at > 400 degrees.
What three materials are needed to make sulfuric acid
Sulfur, air and water
What is stage 1 to make sulfuric acid?
Sulfur burns in air producing sulfur dioxide S + O2 -> SO2
What is stage 2 to make sulfuric acid?
Sulfur dioxide burns in air producing sulfur trioxide 2SO2 + O2 <-> 2SO3
Conditions chosen for stage 2
It’s a reversible reactions so a pressure of 200 kPA is chosen, a temp of 450 degrees and a vanadium oxide catalyst is chosen. 96% yield in these conditions
What is stage 3 to make sulfur trioxide
SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4
What is the precaution taken in step 3 and why
The precaution is that the reaction is extremely exothermic and produces a hazardous mist so is done in two steps. H2SO4 + SO3 -> H2S2O7 (oleum) H2S2O7 +H2O -> 2H2SO4
What are the two ways ethanol can be produced
Ethanol can be produced through fermentation or hydration of ethene
Chemical equation of fermentation and conditions chosen
C6H12O6 -> 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH yeast cells become denatured at high temps and rate of the reaction is low at low temps so 35 degrees is chosen
Is hydration of ethene renewable or non renewable
It is non-renewable as ethene is involved
Chemical equation of hydration of ethene and conditions chosen
C2H4 + H20 <-> C2H5OH needs a temperature of 300 degrees, a pressure of 60,000 KPa and a phosphoric acid catalyst
What is an ore
An ore is a rock or mineral that contains enough metal to make it economical to extract the metal - value of metal is more than cost of extracting it
What does the method to extract a metal depend on
The position of the metal in the reactivity series
How are copper and iron extracted
Copper and iron are extracted by the heating of it with carbon or with carbon monoxide
How can copper be extracted from copper sulphide
2Cus + 3O2 -> 2CuO +2SO2 2CuO + C -> 2Cu + CO2 Copper oxide is reduced, carbon is oxidised