A2.2, A2.3

individuals body composition, age, sex, level of fitness

Nutrients the body needs in large quantities. carbohydrates, proteins, water and lipids

Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals and are needed in smaller amounts

cereal, sweeteners, root crops, pulses, vegtables, fruit and dairy products.

act as metabolic fuels and energy stores

one molecule, easiest to absorb by the body e.g. glucose, fructose

when two monosaccharides combine through removal of H2O (condensation reaction), e.g. Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

3-9 molecules, e.g. maltodextrin

chains >10 molecules, e.g. starch, glycogen.

needs to be broken down into a monosachride

Condensation reactions are chemical reactions where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, with the removal of a small molecule, typically water (H₂O). Common in the synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Condensation reactions are essential as they enable the body to create: Glycogen for energy storage, Proteins for structure and enzymes and Fats for insulation and energy

Major dietary fats are phospholipids, sterols and triglycerides 95% of dietary fats are triglycerides and one molecule consists of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

(solid at room temp, e.g. butter, cheese, coconut oils) Saturated fats are saturated with hydrogen ions Bad fats increase risk of heart disease

2 H missing, double bond (liquid at room temp.eg plant and fish fats) come from plants good fats

not good come from a lab like margarine and random snacks etc

Some fatty acids are ‘essential’ which means our bodies cannot produce them and we need to get them from our diet. Essential fatty acids are found in foods such as plant oils and walnuts

100g provides 4,000 kJ of energy (as opposed to carbohydrates which provide 1760 kJ for 100g and protein which is also about 1740 kJ per 100g

adipose tissue as triglycerides

it is good for lon endurance excersise Fat also provides vital protection of organs, maintains body temperature, synthesizes hormones, vitamin D and cell membranes. They also transport fat-soluble vitamins.

Amino acid made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen + Nitrogen

100g of protein gives 1740 kJ of energy.

Structural - growth & repair of tissues such as bones, muscles and tissue Transport/communication - plasma proteins, hormones, neurotransmitters Protective - antibodies, mucus, anti-inflammatory proteins Enzymatic - digestion, metabolic pathways, O2 and CO2 transport A lack of protein in the diet can result in impairment in growth and development, life threatening diseases and death.

Essetial amino acids we need to get through our diet and tehre is 8 of them non essential can be made in the liver if all essential amino acids are present there are 12 of them

Religious beliefs, Social norms, Preparation preferences, Food consumption patterns, Food availability, Food security, Income, Food prices