M2, B4 Redox & Acids
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In terms of electrons What is oxidation?
The loss of electrons
In terms of electrons What is reduction?
The gain of electrons
In terms of oxidation number What is oxidation?
An increase in oxidation number
In terms of oxidation number What is reduction?
A decrease in oxidation number
Define Redox reaction
A reaction in which both REDuction and OXidation take place simultaneously.
What is an oxidising agent and what is a reducing agent?
Oxidising: A reagent that oxidises another species (it itself is reduced) Reducing: A reagent that reduces another species (it itself is oxidised)
Oxidation number rules: When any element is on its own, the oxidation state is:
0 / zero
Oxidation number rules: When a group 1, 2 or 3 metal is in a compound, the oxidation state is:
Equal to the group number (always positive)
Oxidation number rules: When its a simple ion, the oxidation state is:
The charge on the ion
Oxidation number rules: When the type of species is a compound, the oxidation state can be found using the fact:
The sum of the oxidation numbers of all compounds is 0
Oxidation number rules: When a group 7 element is involved, the oxidation state is:
Usually -1 (Flourine is always -1, but there are exceptions)
Oxidation number rules: When Hydrogen is bonded to a non-metal, the oxidation state is:
+1
Oxidation number rules: When Hydrogen is bonded to a metal, the oxidation state is:
-1 (metal hydride)
Oxidation number rules: When oxygen is in a compound EXCEPT IN A PEROXIDE, the oxidation state is:
-2 (-1 in a peroxide)
Oxidation number rules: When its a complex ion, the oxidation state is:
The sum of the ox. numbers of all atoms and ions in an ion is equal to the charge.
Define “acid” and give 2 example of common acids.
Acids are proton donors (produce H+ ions in solutions) Common acids: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, CH3COOH
Define “strong acid”
Proton donors that fully dissociate in aqueous solution. Both strong and weak acids react to form the same type of products.
Define “weak acid”
Proton donors that only partially dissociate in aqueous solution. Both strong and weak acids react to form the same type of products.
Define “base” and give 2 examples of common bases.
These are proton acceptors. Common bases: (metal oxides) MgO, (metal hydroxides) NaOH, ammonia (NH3)
What is the definition for an alkali? (soluble base) And 2 examples?
An alkali is a type of base that dissolves in water forming OH- ions. Examples: NaOH, KOH, NH3
What is the definition of a salt? And 2 examples?
A salt is any chemical compound formed from an acid when a H+ ion from the acid has been replaced by a metal ion OR other positive ion like NH4+. Examples: K2SO4, NaCl
In salt formation reactions, when hydrochloric acid reacts, what type of salt is formed?
A chloride salt
(Examples of salt formation) Finish the equation: Acid + base = WHAT?
Acid + base = salt + water
(Examples of salt formation) Finish the equation: Acid + alkali = WHAT?
Acid + alkali = salt + water