Lecture Three
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What is VO2 max?
-VO2 Max= Measure of cardiorespiratory fitness/ aerobic capacity. o Information required to calculate internal oxygen consumption= ventilation, levels of expired O2 & CO2. o How much oxygen is used & how much CO2 produced indicates what macronutrients are being broken down?
What can our breath tell about us and what is it useful for?
-Our breath can tell us how fit we are which is useful for: o Baseline measure= pre-training. o Post training= measured effectiveness of training. o Energy requirements of an exercise bout. o Resting metabolic rate= can assist with weight loss prescription. o Point of lactate threshold= determine & enhance performance.
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
-Primary function; Respiration (breathing) o Exchange of O2 & CO2 across a membrane. -Point of difference: o Respiration= Breaking: exchange of O2 & waste products at the level of the lungs. o Cellular Respiration= Metabolic processes & reactions that convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP & release waste products. -O2 is required for this process & CO2 is produced.
What is the profess of respiration?
Step One: (Pulmonary) Ventilation o Movement of air into (& out of) lungs. o Inspiration (inhalation)= air moves into the RS o Expiration (Exhalation)= air moves out of RS Step Two: External Respiration o Exchange of gas between air in lungs (alveoli) into circulatory system. -O2 enters the blood at lungs. -CO2 exits the blood at lungs. Step Three: Transport of Gases o Blood will transfer O & CO2 around the body & from tissues. Step Four: Internal Respiration o Exchange of gas between circulatory system & organs of the body. -O2 exits the blood & enters the tissue. -CO2 exits the tissue & enters the blood.
What are the additional functions of the respiratory system?
-Regulation of Blood pH o By altering blood co2 levels the acidity or alkalinity level of the blood can alter= change in pH. -Production of Chemical Mediators o Lungs produce an enzyme which can assist with regulating blood pressure. -Voice Production o Sound & speech are made possible with air flowing -Olfaction o Sense of smell. -Protection o Can prevent some microorganisms from entering the body.
What is the cavity, diaphragm and thoracic wall?
-Cavity o Space within the thoracic & diaphragm. -Diaphragm o Skeletal muscle -Separates the thoracic & abdominal cavity. -Thoracic Wall o Thoracic Vertebra= 12 o Ribs o Costal muscles o Sternum o Associated muscles
What is ventilation assisted by?
-Ventilation (air movement) is assisted by the respiratory muscles.
What is involved in inspiration and expiration?
Inspiration o Diaphragm o External intercostals o Pectoralis minor o Scalenes o Sternocleidomastoid Expiration o Internal intercostals o Abdominal muscles
What do the lungs provide?
-Provides a large SA for gas exchange to occur o Volume=4-6L o 2400km of airway o 960km of capillaries
What is the pleura?
o Fluid Functions: • Protection • Acts as a lubricant allowing pleura to slide during breathing. • The 2 pleura stick together thus parietal pleura sticks to thoracic wall & pulls the visceral pleura with it during inspiration.
What is the Hilum?
o Allows entry & exit for the • Primary Bronchi • Pulmonary Arteries • Pulmonary Veins
What are the upper and lower structures of the respiratory tract?
-UPPER o External nose o Nasal cavity o Pharynx o Larynx -LOWER o Trachea o Bronchi & Bronchioles o Lungs
What is the functional characteristic of the respiratory tract?
-Conducting Zone o Anatomic dead space- air that fill non diffusing conducting portions. o Trachea -Primary Bronchus -Bronchus -Bronchi -Bronchioles-Terminal Bronchioles o Purpose=Air Movement
What organs are in the conducting zone, what are the functions of the nose and the larynx?
Nose= Air movement into the respiratory system. Functions -Passage for air -Cleans the air -Humidifies & warms the air -Olfaction -Voice sound -Pharynx -Digestive & respiratory system common opening. -Larynx o Passage for air between the pharynx & trachea o Must remain open. o 9 cartilages make up the outer casing= strong -Epiglottis is one of the cartilages of the larynx
What is the trachea, tracheobronchial tree and bronchodilation/constriction in the conducting zone?
-Trachea -End of larynx to 5th thoracic vertebrae (10-12cm) -Reinforcing the tube (anteriorly & laterally) are many C shaped cartilage band. o For protection & opening -Posterior to smooth muscle o Can narrow diameter -Mucous membrane o Traps foreign objects -Ciliated epithelium o Moves mucous & debris out -Tracheobronchial Tree -Consists of the trachea & all other tubes in the lungs. o Main bronchus -Secondary bronchi (lobar bronchi) -Tertiary bronchi (segmental bronchi) -Bronchioles -Terminal bronchioles -Ciliated epithelium= “mucus-cilia escalator” -As the passageways get smaller there is less cartilage & more smooth muscle. -Bronchodilation & Bronchoconstriction
What are the conducting zone functions?
• Air Transport • Humidification • Warming