3.3.1- introduction to organic chemistry

simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule

gives the actual number of atoms of different elements in a molecule

shows every atom and every bond in a molecule

shows arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing every bond

drawn as lines with each vertex being a carbon atom. Carbon atoms aren’t drawn, assumed each C atom has all unspecified bonds as C-H

a group of compounds with the same functional group/general formula. Compounds in a homologous series will react similarly.

-hydrocarbon - have no c=c double bonds so are saturated - end in ‘ane’ -general formula - CnH2n+2

-hydrocarbon -has C=C double bonds so is unsaturated -ends in ‘ene’ -has C=C functional group - number needed for naming (where double bond is)

• has additional group 7 element • C-X functional group where X is a group 7 element -Cl= chloro, Br= bromo, I= iodo • need number for naming

• ends in ‘ol’ (sometimes number needed) OH functional group • general formula= Cn, H2n+1, OH

• ends in ‘anoic acid’ • COOH functional group • always at end of chain (no number needed for naming)

• have C=O functional group • ends in ‘anal’ • at end of chain

• have C=O functional group • ends in ‘one • middle of chain • sometimes need numbers for naming

methyl

ethyl

propyl

butyl

when molecules have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

functional group is attached to the main chain at a different place

same atoms but a different functional group due to a different arrangement of atoms

hydrocarbon chain organised differently, e.g. branched chains

when molecules have the same structural and molecular formula, but have a different arrangement of atoms in space

• E-Z isomerism is caused by limited rotation about C=C double bonds • highest values (atomic number) opposite = E • highest values (atomic number) together= Z

• choose lowest number as top priority • if numbers are the same then use priority list (halogens-alkyl-alkenes-everything else)