glucose
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5 actions of insulin
• accelerates facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells • accelerates the conversion of glucose into glyccogen • increases synthesis of proteins and fatty acids • slows the conversion of glycogen to glucose • slows the formation of glucose from lactic acid, amino acid and glycerol
change in composition and volume of urine
sam bgl exceeds renal threshold which is 9mmol/L capacity for renal tubules to reabsorb glucose has been exceeded and glucose will be lost in urine water will follow by osmsis so urine volume increases
blood osmolality and thirst
sam will have increased blood osmolarity because he has an excessive urine output causing dehydration thirst centre in hypothalaums will be activated and sam will drink more fluid
2 metabolic reactions that will provide glucose for cells
Glycogenolysis - breakdown of glycogen to form glucose Gluconeogenesis -synthesis of new glucose from glycerol, amino acids and lactic acid
explain ketoacidosis in regard to blood ph and h+ concentration
blood pH will be lowere in response to increased H+ concentration
name the control centre and response of effectors and how this will help restore blood pH
blood gas indicates metabolic acidosis. chempreceptors in his aortic arch and carotid sinuses will send impulses to resp centre in m.o and pons increased rr and depth reduces co2 levels in blood raising pH
name the hormone that is produced in response to low BGL
glucagon • liver cvells to convert glyogen to glucose • formation of glucose from amino acids and lactic acid
3 other hormones that help to restore sams BGL
• adrenaline release stimulated by SNS causing rapid glycogenolysis • cortisol released in a stress ituation (under influence of ACTH) and causes gluconeogenesis by liver cells • thyroxine stiumulates protein syhteis and use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production