2.1 structure and function of ventilatory system

nose mouth pharynx - carries air, food and fluid from the nose to the mouth larynx - job is to protect the lower respiratory tract from aspiring food into the trachea while breathing. trachea lungs bronchi bronchioles alveoli

the nose is an external opening for the respiratory system, there is low resistance pathway for airflow. it also warms, filters and moistens the air

the mouth is an external opening for the respiratory system. there is low resistance in the pathways for airflow. yet it just lets air in, there is no filtering or moistening or warming of the air.

the inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and lungs AKA BREATHING

the maximum amount of air forcibly inspired adding to the tidal volume

the max amount of air that can be exhaled after the max inhalation

the volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inhalation FORMULA: TLC = VC + RV

the volume of air breathed in and out every breath

the maximum amount of air that is forcibly expired in addition to tidal volume

the volume of air still inside the lungs after maximal exhalation.

the volume of air breathed in and out per minute FORMULA: MV= TV x breathing rate

1) intercostal muscles contract moving the chest walls up and out 2) the diaphragm contracts and flattens 3) this increases the volume of the thoracic cavity 4) there is a decrease in pressure inside the chest cavity which forces the air inside because the air moves from high to low pressure.

1) intercostal muscles relax moving the chest walls down and in 2) the diaphragm relaxes moving up and bulges upward (back to a dome shape) 3) the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases 4) pressure inside the thoraic cavity increases 5) air rushes out of the lungs because it moves from high to low

occurs at rest with no extra energy required

occurs during exercise forming a higher depth and rate of breathing. additional accessory muscles are recruited to support. 1) inspiration - pecs and trapezius 2) expiration - abdominals and intercostal muscles lungs are then compressed more and faster

location: in the lungs purpose: gives info abt the state of lungs impacts: monitors the respiration rate (reducing it) to prevent the over expanding of the lungs

location: in the blood vessels purpose: gives info abt the state of the blood vessels and pressure impacts: can impact the cardiac output

location: around the arteries of the heart and the brain purpose: detects the CO2 lvls, monitor the concentration of H+ ions (which make the blood more acidic and decrease the pH) impacts: if the pH is low (bcs of a the CO2 producing carbonic acid) then the chemoreceptors will send a message to increase the breathing rate.

location: in muscles and limbs purpose: gives info abt joint angle, muscle length, tension and detects motion.

location: CNS and PNS purpose: the autonomous NS sends signals to change the breathing rate sympathetic: increase BR parasympathetic: decrease BR

an iron containing compound that allows for oxygen to bind to red blood cells and be carried in the blood stream, it allows for oxygen to be transported from the lungs to working cells. the oxygen is released when the carbon dioxide is to be transported from the cells to the lungs during expiration. each molecule of haemoglobin can carry four oxygen molecules. and 98.7% of haemoglobin becomes oxyhemoglobin (red blood cells that are carrying oxygen). trained athletes have a higher haemoglobin level because they can carry around more oxygen around their body and therefore have a higher respiration rate

1) gas exchange occurs in the lungs between the capillaries and alveoli 2) gas moves from a region of high conc and partial pressure to low conc and partial pressure 3) the membrane the gases pass through is one cell thick meaninh diffusion distance is short. 4) oxygen moves out of thу lungs and into blood and CO2