Feb Mocks

CHO - carbon hydrogen oxygen - polymers that break down into simple sugars

CHOSPN - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphate, nitrogen - polymers that can be broken down into its monomer: amino acids

CHO - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen - large polymers that can be broken down into 3x fatty acid molecules and glycerol molecule

Starch and glycogen

Amino acids

Fatty acids and glycerol

• add sample solution in test tube • add drops of Benedict solution in test tube • heat in water bath at 60-70 for 5 mins • glucose - brick red • no glucose - remains blue

• pipette the sample solution into a tile • add drops of iodine solution and leave for 1 minute • If starch is present, the solution will turn blue-black • If starch is not present, the solution will remain brown

• add the sample solution into a test tube • add drops of Biuret solution into the test tube • leave for 1 minute and then record the colour • If protein is present, the solution will turn purple • If protein is not present, that the solution will remain blue

• add 2cm” of ethanol to the test solution • add 2cm’ of distilled water • leave for 3 minutes and then record the colour • If fat is present, a milky white emulsion will form • If fat is not present, that the solution will remain colourless

Biological catalysts in metabolic reactions that speed up rate of reaction without being used up itself

• optimum is 37 degrees • rate of reaction increases with an increase in temperature up to the optimum • but after optimum temp it rapidly decreases and eventually stops reaction • bonds in structure breaks • changes shape of AS so substrate can no longer fit • enzyme denatures and doesn’t work

1) Starch solution is heated to set temperature 2) Amylase is added 3) lodine is added to each tile after a minute 4) Measure the time it takes until the iodine stops turning blue-black (this means that starch is not present as amylase has broken the starch down into glucose) 5) Repeat the test with different temperature Starch —-amylase—-> glucose

• optimum is usually 7, stomach is lower • if ph is too high/low, the forces that hold the amino acid chains will be affected • changes shape of AS so substrate can no longer fit in • enzyme denatures and no longer works

• enzyme amylase used - which breaks down carbohydrates such as starch into simple sugars such as maltose • add 2cm of amalyse solution and starch solution • iodine (dark orange colour) to check for the presence of starch in the solution at any time. When starch is present, the iodine solution will turn to a blue-black colour.

Random net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration over a partially permeable membrane

• large SA:Vol • diffusion is sufficient and enough to meet demand

• SA:Vol is small so they can’t rely on diffusion alone • number of adaptations that allow molecules transported in and out cells

The greater the difference in concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion. This is because more particles are randomly moving down the gradient than are moving against it.

The greater the temperature, the greater the movement of particles, resulting in more collisions and therefore a faster rate of diffusion.

The greater the surface area, the more space for particles to move through, resulting in a faster rate of diffusion.

The longer the distance, the slower it takes for molecules to pass through, resulting in a slower rate of diffusion