Chapter 11 - Intro to Organic Chemistry
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what is organic chemistry
the study of carbon comoounds
what is an organic comound
a compound made up of carbon bonded to other elements, usually hydrogen, nitrogen or oxygen
what is a general formula
an algebraic formula that describes a homologous series of organic compounds
what is the empirical formula
a formula which shows the lowest whole number ratio of atoms of different elements present in compounds
what is the molecular formula
a formula showing the actual number or atoms of each element present in a compound
what is the structural formula
a formula which shows how atoms are arranged in the molecule by tracing the carbon backbone and showing what atoms are bonding to what atoms, it indicates the functional group also.
what is the skeletalformula
a formula which displays the bonding framework using only lines, but shows the functional group using symbols it traces the carbon carbon bonds
what is the displayed formula
a formula which shows the exact arrangement of all the atoms and every bond between them
how can you determine the name of a n organic compound using its structural formula
• find the longest chain of hydrocarbons • identify the key functional group • number the chain of carbons starting with the carbon bonded closest to the functional group • identify the side chain prefixes and the number carbon they are on • add multipliers if there are multiple of the same side chains • put it all together: start with the side chains in alphabetical order (the multipliers do not affect this) then add the name of the carbon chain and finally end with the functional group suffix
what defines a homologous series of compounds
all members have the same functional group and same general formula each subsequent member differs by a CH2 unit
what is a benzene ring
a hexagonal structure of carbon atoms with a ring of delocalised electrons.
what is a saturated compound
a compound with only single c-c bonds
what is an unsaturated compound
a compound with double or triple bonds between C atoms
what is an alkyl group
a side chain on an organic molecule
what is an alkene
an organic molecule with a c double carbon bond denoted by the suffix -ene
what is an alkyne
an organic molecule with a c triple bond denoted by the suffix -yne
what is a halogenoalkane
an organic molecule which contains a halogen atom denoted by the prefixes Fluoro- / Chloro- / Bromo- / Iodo-
what is an alcohol
an organic molecule with a OH group bonded to a C atom denoted by the suffix -ol
what is an aldehyde
an organic molecule with an oxygen carbon double bond and a carbon hydrogen single bond on the same atom denoted by the suffix -al
what is a ketone
an organic molecule with an oxygen carbon double bond denoted by the suffix -one
what is a carboxylic acid
an organic molecule with a COOH group denoted by the suffix -oic acid
what is an ester
an organic molecule with two hydrcarbon chains joined by a -COO- group denoted by alkyl (the first part of the molecule) -oate (the second part of the molecule)
what is an amide
an organic molecule with an NH2 group bonded to a carbon with a carbonyl group on it denoted by the suffix -amide
what is an acyl chloride
an organic molecule with a COCl group (like the COOH group but the OH is replaced by a Cl atom) denoted by the suffix -oyl chloride