DNA: the code of life
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role of the nucleus
controls all the cells activities
four main parts of the nucleus
• double nuclear membrane • the nucleoplasm • the nucleolus • the chromatin network
function of the double nuclear membrane
• encloses the nucleus (protects it ) • contains small pores to allow for the passage of substances in and out of the nucleus
the function of the nucleoplasm
• DNA resides here
what is the nucleoplasm
it is a jelly like fluid within the nucleus
what is the nucleolus
it is a dark body suspended in the nucleoplasm
function of a nucleolus
it contains free nucleotide bases and produces ribosomes
the function of the chromatin network
it contains DNA which forms the chromosomes containing the genetic code
where does the chromatin network reside
it is found in the nucleoplasm
what are ribosomes
they are small round organelles mainly found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or are free floating in the cytoplasm
where are ribosomes found
they are found in the chloroplasts and mitochondria in small amounts
what do ribosomes consists of
it consists of RNA and protein
what is the site for protein synthesis
ribosome
function for the cytoplasm
allows for metabolic reactions to take place
what is a cytoplasm
the base substance in which the organelle of the cell are suspended
where is DNA located
it is found mostly in the nucleus (nuclear DNA ) it is also found in the chloroplasts and mitochondria (extra-nuclear DNA)
history of DNA
-Rosalind franklin and her assistant Maurice Wilkins were the first to make a breakthrough researching the structure of DNA using diffraction images. - James Watson and francis Crick did independant research on DNA - they proposed a 3-D double helix model in 1953 after been given unpublished photographs and measurements from Rosalind Franklins assistants (Maurice Wilkins and Max Perutz)
who recieved the nobel peace prize for the discovery of DNA and when
in 1962 James Watson ,Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins recieved the nobel prize because Rosalind Franklin had died
structure of DNA
• double helix • nucleic acid are made up of building blocks (monomers) called nucleotides
nitrogen bases of DNA and their complementary bases
adenine : thymine cytosine : guanine
function of DNA
• contains coded information for protein synthesis • controls the functioning’s of cells • carries hereditary information in the forms of genes • regulates the functioning’s of genes
mutations on DNA replications
• if the incorrect nitrogen base attaches to the original strand and a nitrogen base is added or deleted • DNA will change leading to different mRNA codons • which will match with different tRNA anticodons • resulting in different amino acids • being brought to the ribosomes leading to different proteins being formed
when do mutations happen on DNA replication
mutations happen when errors occur during DNA replication
similarities between RNA and DNA
• both contain sugar alternating with phosphate • both plays a role in protein synthesis • both contains the nitrogen bases adenine , cytosine and guanine