Chp 1

Waves (or photons) of pure energy at any wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum Electromagnetic radiation includes a range of wavelengths from radio waves to gamma rays.

The distance between peaks of a wave Wavelength is commonly measured in meters or nanometers.

A single quantum (discrete packet) of electromagnetic energy Photons have no mass and travel at the speed of light.

Energy an object possesses because of its motion Kinetic energy is calculated using the formula KE = 1/2 mv², where m is mass and v is velocity.

Energy that is stored and can be released by conversion into a different form of energy Potential energy can be gravitational, elastic, or chemical.

Stored energy due to an object’s location in a gravitational field It is calculated using the formula PE = mgh, where m is mass, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is height.

The energy stored in the chemical bonds of a compound, that can be released by processes such as combustion or digestion Chemical potential energy is a key concept in chemistry and biology.

Energy an object possesses after being heated Thermal energy is related to the temperature of an object and its molecular motion.

Energy released when the nucleus of an atom is split, or two nuclei are forced to join together This process can occur through fission or fusion.

A nuclear chain reaction in which a neutron shatters the nucleus of a heavy element, producing nuclear fragments and additional free neutrons that shatter other nuclei Fission is used in nuclear reactors and atomic bombs.

A nuclear reaction in which two hydrogen nuclei (protons) fuse together to form a helium nucleus, releasing energy in the process Fusion powers the sun and other stars.

Light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties This concept is fundamental in quantum mechanics.

• Radio waves • Microwaves • Infrared • Visible light • Ultraviolet • X-rays • Gamma rays Each region has distinct properties and uses.

• Red • Orange • Yellow • Green • Blue • Violet The visible light spectrum ranges from approximately 380 nm to 750 nm.

Through the use of turbines that convert the motion of water, steam, or wind into electrical energy This process typically involves generators that produce electricity.