Exam 6 Review
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Description of the kidney (urinary system organ)
Site of urine production
Description of the ureter (urinary system organ)
To transport urine
Description of the bladder (urinary system organ)
Site of urine storage
Description of the Urethra (urinary system organ)
Structure that passes urine out of the body
Define glomerular capsules
Filtration site process that produces a filtration of the blood
Define proximal convoluted tubules
The cells that have microvilli, which increase the surface area for tubular reabsorption
Define loop of the nephron/loop of henle
U-turn with ascending limb where salts leave the nephron and descending limb where water leaves the nephron
Define distal convoluted tubules
Its cells have many mitochondria but lack microvilli; it is specialized for ion exchange
Describe collecting ducts
Carry urine to the renal pelvis
What are the functions of the urinary system?
Excrete urea, creatine, and uric acid; help control pH balance; and maintain the salt and water balance of the blood
What organs are a part of the urinary system
Ureters, urethra, urinary bladder, kidneys
What is the function of kidneys?
filter out waste products of metabolism from the blood; assist in maintaining the pH balance of the blood; ensure that glucose and proteins aren’t excreted in the urine
Where does glomerular filtration, the first stage of urine formation, occur?
within the glomerular capsule of the kidney nephrons
Why is glomerular filtrate forced from the capillaries to the glomerular capsule?
because it is under high pressure as it is pumped through the renal arteries and because the diameter of the capillary is decreased, increasing the pressure.
What is the overall purpose of tubular reabsorption, the second stage of urine formation?
Ions, glucose, and amino acids are transported from the convoluted tubules into the blood.
During tubular secretion, certain molecules are actively secreted from the ____ into the ____ for excretion.
peritubular capillary network; convoluted tubules
What are filterable blood components that become part of the glomerular filtrate?
Nitrogenous wastes; Water; Nutrient molecules; Salts
Aldosterone promotes ion exchange at the distal convoluted tubule. This helps to regulate the reabsorption of ____ and water.
sodium
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is required for ____ to be open in the distal convoluted tubule. ADH is secreted when water intake is low.
aquaporins
Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is secreted by the atria when cardiac cells are stretched, due to ____ blood volume.
increased
ANH inhibits the secretion of ____, an enzyme that leads to the secretion of aldosterone.
renin
The body’s response to stimuli via hormonal secretion or inhibition helps maintain ____.
homeostasis
The human body has evolved to function best when the pH of body fluids is maintained at approximately 7.4. The disease may occur if the blood pH rises above 7.45, called ____, or falls below 7.35, called ____
alkalosis; acidosis
Homeostatic mechanisms that keep the blood pH near 7.4 include acid-base buffers, the respiratory system, and the kidneys. A ____ is a chemical, or a combination of chemicals, that can take up excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions, thus keeping the pH fairly constant.
buffer