Mendelian Genetics Quiz
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Somatic Cells
“Body” cells. Diploid.
Diploid Cells
A cell containing two sets of chromosomes
Gametes
“Sex” cells (egg or sperm cells). Haploid.
Haploid Cells
A cell containing only one set of chromosomes
Chromosomes
Pieces of the DNA strand located in the nucleus of the cell
Homologous Pairs
Pairs of chromosomes - one chromosome from mom (maternal) and one chromosome from dad (paternal)
Gene
A segment of DNA that controls for one or many traits. There can be many variations of a gene for a trait, but one person can only have two forms (one from dad, one from mom).
Allele
The different variations of a gene. (Ex: for hair color, one for blonde and one for brunette)
Dominant
Traits that are always expressed if the allele is present.
Recessive
Traits that are hidden whenever a dominant allele is present. Only expressed when both alleles are recessive
Homozygous
Refers to allele pair in which the two alleles are identical. Also called purebred. (Ex. AA or aa)
Heterozygous
Refers to allele pair in which the two alleles are different. Also called hybrid. (Ex. Aa)
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism. Ex: AA
Genotypic Ratio
The probable ratio of genotypes produced by a cross
Phenotype
The external appearance of an organism that is determined by the individual’s genotype. Ex: white flowers
Phenotypic Ratio
The probable ratio of phenotypes produced by a cross
Karyotype
Method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to the number, type, and size. It’s a visual picture of the chromosome.
Hereditary
The passing of traits from parent to offspring
Genetics
The study of hereditary
Law of Dominance
A dominant allele will express itself over a recessive allele
Law of Segregation
When chromosomes separate in meiosis, each gamete (egg or sperm) will receive only one chromosome from each pair. (Ex: If a man has alleles for brown and blonde hair Bb), his sperm cells can contain the allele for brown hair (B) OR the allele for blonde hair (b). Each sperm only gets ONE of the alleles.)
Law of Independent Assortment
The assortment of chromosomes for one trait doesn’t affect the assortment of chromosomes for another trait (the inheritance of one trait doesn’t affect the inheritance of another trait). Therefore, any combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes could be passe on because homologous chromosomes line up randomly during metaphase.
Genetic Cross
Mating of two organisms
Dihybrid Cross
Used when finding the possible genotypes for offspring when considering two genes at the same time