Structure, Bonding & Properties of Matter
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How are ions made?
Made when electrons are transferred
What are ions?
Charged particles
When atoms lose or gain electrons to form ions, what are they trying to do?
To get a full outer shell (stable electronic structure)
When metals form ions, what happens to their electrons and what type of ions do they form?
They lose electrons from their outer shell to form positive ions
When non-metals form ions, what happens to their electrons and what type of ions do they form?
They gain electrons into their outer shell to form negative ions
What does the charge on the ion represent?
Number of electrons lost or gained
Explain ionic bonding
• Non-metal gains electrons = negatively charged ion • Metal atom loses electrons = positively charged ion • Opposite charged ions are strongly attracted to one another by electrostatic forces
What the structure of an ionic compounds called?
Giant ionic lattice
How ions arranged in a giant ionic lattice? (forces?)
They’re closely packed with very strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions - in all directions
Name 3 properties of ionic compounds
• High melting points • High boiling points • Dissolve easily in water
When ionic compounds melt, what can they do and why?
Carry electric current bc ions are free to move
Why do ionic compounds have high melting/boiling points?
Due to MANY strong bonds between ions = takes a lot energy to overcome this attraction (electrostatic forces)
Draw the structure of sodium chloride
See mind map
What is covalent bonding?
When non-metals bond together: share a pair of electrons to make covalent bonds
Why are covalent bonds very strong?
Positively charged nuclei of bonded atoms are attracted to the shared pair of electrons by electrostatic forces
Atoms only share electrons in their…
outer shells (highest energy levels)
What does each covalent bond provide for each atom?
1 extra shared electron
Atom involved generally makes enough covalent bonds…
to fill up its outer shell
Draw the covalent bonds for water
See mind map
Draw the covalent bonds for water in this form Cl-Cl
See mind map
Draw the covalent bonds for ammonia
See mind map
Draw the covalent bonds for ammonia in this form Cl-Cl
See mind map
Draw the covalent bonds for hydrogen
See mind map
Draw the covalent bonds for hydrogen in this form Cl-Cl
See mind map