C10 organic reactions
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What is a functional group?
an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that has similar chemical properties whenever it appears in various compounds.
What is a homologous series?
family of hydrocarbons with similar chemical properties who share the same general formula
What are the rules for naming organic compounds?
The longest unbranched chain containing the functional group is the parent molecule, or simply the longest unbranched chain for alkanes. Remember that, the longest chain can go round a bend. Indicate the position of the functional group with a number, numbering from the end nearest the functional group. Name the branches, and indicate the number of branches.
What do the prefixes mean?
Methyl indicates there is one carbon atom in the branch. Ethyl indicates there are two carbon atoms in the branch. The prefix ‘di’ indicates there are two branches. The prefix ‘tri’ indicates there are three branches.
What happens in the combustion of alkenes?
carbon dioxide and water is produced
What makes alkenes more reactive than alkanes
double carbon bond
How do alkenes react with halogens (ethene + bromine for example)
c2h4+Br2->c2h4Br2
What is the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen with a nickel catalyst
alkene + hydrogen -> alkane
what is the reaction of alkene with water(in the form of steam) with a catalyst.
ethene reacts with water (in the presence of heat and a catalyst) to produce the alcohol ethanol alkene+ water-> alcohol
What is the functional group of all alcohols?
hydroxyl group: -OH The functional group present in all alcohols, -OH
fermentation reaction
glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
conditions for fermentation:
sugars dissolved in water, and mixed with yeast an air lock to allow carbon dioxide out, while stopping air getting in warm temperature, 25-35°C
What is the reaction of alcohols with oxygen
alcohol + oxidising agent –> carboxylic acid + water
What is the functional group of carboxylic acid?
The functional group in the carboxylic acids is the carboxyl group, -COOH.
What is the reaction of carboxylic acid with alcohols with an acid catalyst?
alcohol + carboxylic acid → ester + water
What is an ester’s functional group
-COO-
Explain the complete combustion of alcohols?
alcohol + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
Explain the reaction of alcohols with sodium?
sodium + alcohol → sodium ethoxide + hydrogen
give an example of a reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols?
ethanol + ethanoic acid → ethyl ethanoate + water
What is an isomer?
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae. They have the same number of each type of atom but may have different physical and chemical properties.