Introduction to Organic Chemistry
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What is organic chemistry?
The chemistry of carbon compounds.
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.
What two forms can carbon form?
Rings and long chains
What is meant by saturated?
Contains single carbon-carbon bonds.
Why can carbon form rings and long chains?
Carbon-carbon bonds are strong and non-polar. A carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outer shell so it can form 4 covalent bonds.
Describe the shape around the carbon atom in a saturated hydrocarbon.
Tetrahedral 109.5
What is meant by unsaturated?
Contains a C=C double bond.
What is the empirical formula?
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
What is the molecular formula.
The actual number of atoms of each element in a compound.
What is a general formula?
All members of a homologous series follow the general formula e.g. CnH2n
What is the structural formula?
The structural arrangement of atoms in a molecule. (e.g. CH3OH)
What is the displayed formula?
Shows every atom and every bond in the organic compound.
What is the skeletal formula?
Shows only the bonds in a compound and any associated functional groups.
Where do electrons usually move?
They’re negatively charged so they move from areas of high electron density to more positively charged areas.
What would a lone pair of electrons be attracted to?
The positive end of a polar bond.
What is used to represent the movement of a pair of electrons?
Curly arrow
What is the system for naming compounds called?
IUPAC
What is a functional group?
An atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties.
What is a structural isomer?
Same molecular formula but different structural formula.
What is a homologous series?
A family of organic compounds with the same functional group but different carbon chain length.
What does each homologous series differ by?
CH2
General formula for an alkane?
CnH2n+2
General formula for an alkene?
CnH2n
Does the length of the carbon chain have an affect on the chemical reactivity of the functional group?
No (little effect). A homologous series has the same chemical properties.