7 Biology - Transport In Humans
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what is the role of transport system?
it provides the body with substances
what are components of circulatory system?
heart blood blood vessels
what are the blood contents and their functions?
55% - plasma 45% - red blood cells - transport oxygen 1% - white blood cells (help fight disease) and platelets (help blood clot)
how are red blood cells adapted?
they contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen they don’t have a nucleus to allow for more space for oxygen donut-like shape increases surface area
what are the two types of white blood cells?
phagocytes lymphocytes
what do phagocytes do?
they engulf pathogens and destroy them with digestive enzymes
what do lymphocytes B and T lymphocytes) do?
B lymphocytes - produce antibodies T lymphocytes - attack pathogens directly OR produce chemicals which control activity of all cells in immune system
what are antibodies?
proteins that recognise and destroy pathogens
what are antigens?
at surface of pathogen provokes the immune system
what are chemical defences in our bodies that help fight against diseases?
ears are protected by bacteria killing wax eyes have lysozyme - destroy bacteria in tears hydrochloric acid in stomach
what are physical defences in our bodies that help fight against diseases?
skin mucus cillia
what is meant by double circulation?
blood passes through the body twice in each complete circuit
Explain the flow of blood through the heart
deoxygenated blood from the body enters the atrium through the vena cava goes through the valves into the ventricle which contracts, making blood pass through valves to lungs via pulmonary artery where it becomes oxygenated Oxygenated bllod re-enters left atrium through pulmonary vein passes through valves to left ventricle goes to body through aorta
explain each the role of each vein/artery
pulmonary artery: oxygenated blood from heart to lungs pulmonary vein: oxygenated blood from lungs to heart vena cava: main vein, deoxygenated blood from organs to heart aorta: main artery, oxygenated blood to body hepatic portal vein: blood from digestive system to liver hepatic vein: blood with food substances away from liver renal artery: oxygenated blood to kidneys renal vein: oxygenated blood away from kidneys
function and structure vein artery capillary
artery: blood to heart at low pressure vein: blood from heart at high pressure capillaries: exchange of materials between blood & tissue
what controls beating of heart?
the pacemaker, located in the wall of right atrium
how does exercise affect breathing heart and blood pressure?
exercise uses energy and nutrients so more nutrients and energy are needed breathe more often and deeper and hearts beats faster to get nutrients and oxygen needed to make that extra energy that you need
what causes coronary heart disease? what causes a heart attack?
poor diet - too much cholesterol and fatty acids poor lifestyle - smoking, lack of exercise genetic factors the build up of plague in the artery which stops blood flow
what is respiration?
energy producing reaction which releases energy happens in living organisms
what is aerobic respiration?
respiration including oxygen
equation for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water –energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O
what is anaerobic respiration?
no involvement of oxygen, glucose is still broken down into CO2 with the release of energy and alcohol(ethanol)
what are the two types of anaerobic respiration
fermentation in muscles
explain anaerobic respiration in muscles?
happens in muscles when there is not enough supply of oxygen, usually during exercise only produces low amounts of energy releases lactic acid