Topic 6

graphical representation of the variation of data Short’ Error Bar - values are concentrated, signalling that the plotted average value is more likely ‘Long’ Error Bar - values are more spread out and less reliable.

mean: add all and divide Go to statistics Plot the numbers on the table (x values= independent) Go to calc Put the number of variables and Sample

used to summarize the spread of values around the mean within a normal distribution 68% and 95% of the values are within 1 and 2 standard deviations Standard deviation is used to compare the means between two samples small standard deviation-data is clustered closely around the mean Large means wider spread around the mean

ratio of the standard deviation to the mean expressed as a percentage

statistical test that is used to compare the means of two groups and measure the amount of overlap between the two groups sample of at least 10 normal distribution

assumes that the difference between means could favour either group

difference between 2 variables for the same subject

compares means of 2 independant groups to determine if there is a significant difference

correlation: statistical measure that shows that two variables are linear related Causation is one causes the other

test is specific to research question

accuracy of equipment (human error)

conditions are kept the same throughout the experiment

The experiment measures what it claims to measure, without many confounding variables

Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire: assesses the readiness of an individual to partake in physical activity

set of methods and procedures used to collect and analyze data on variables specified in a particular research problem control groups; not exposed to the independent variable Placebo: a treatment that appears real, but is designed to have no effect Bliding: subjects are blided to the expected result of the experiment Double-bliding: Both the subjects and the experimentors are blided to the espected result of the experiment

Sub-maximal test (harvard test), maximal tests (legar beep test), field test (12 cooper) and Lad tests (VO2 max)

Athlete works below max effort and data is extrapolated to estimate max capacity. Pros: prevents injury Easy /safe Time/ cost efficient Cons: Depends on extrapolation small measurement inaccuracies can result in large discrepancies

athlete works at maximum effort Pros: Accurate Cons: Risk of injury motivation Can´t be sure if its max effort

More confounding, less controled variables Pros: Specific to the sport Increased ecological validity Cons: Environment can effect test results Low internal validity

Controled environment Pros: Stimulate sports demands Sport specific equipment Cons: Expensive Not accesible Not in sport environment Not done with team sports

factors that are physiologically based and determine the ability of an individual to meet the demands of the activity body composition (proportion of an individual´s total body mass made up of fat and fat-free masses) cardio-respiratory fitness (aerobic capacity) flexibility (ability to move through full range of movement around a joint) muscular endurance (ability of a muscle or muscle group to maintain force or power) strength (ability to generate force by a muscle or muscle group)

factors that are based upon the neuromuscular system and determine how successful a person can perform a specific skil Agility (ability to rapidly change direction or speed) balance (stability of the body) coordination ( the ability to execute smooth, accurate, controlled motor responses) power (rate of doing work) reaction time (duration between the presentation of a stimulus and the associated response) speed (change of distance with respect to time movement occurs) Agility, balance, coordination could become health-related for certain groups: elderly and hypokinetic diseases

Agility Balance Speed Muscular endurance strength flexibility Reaction time Body composition Coordination Power Cardio resperatory fitness

Aerobic capacity - Multi-stage Harvard Step test Cooper´s 12 min run Minimal equipment Simple to set up and conduct multiple athelets can do it at the same time Test can be administered by the athlete 400m track required Assistant required to administer the test Flexibility - Sit and reach minimal equipment simple to set up Can be done almost anywhere Specialist equipment (the box) Assistant required Muscle endurance - Max sit up/push up test minimal equipment simple to set up and conduct can be done almost anywhere assistant is required Agility - Illinois minimal equipment simple to set up and conduct can be done almost anywhere can be administered by the athlete cones are needed assistant required Strength - hand Grip Minimal equipment simple to set up can be done almost anywhere Specialist equipment assistant required Speed - 40m sprint minimal equipment simple to set up nd conduct can be administered by the athlete can be done indoors or outdoors assistant required to administer the test Body composition - body mass index: weight in kl divided by square hight in m Anthropometry: body length, width and circunference Underwater weighing: density of the body Balance - Stork test simple to set up can be done anywhere easy to administer never occurs in real sporting situations Coordination - Hand wall test easy to set up minimal equipment technique effects the time period causes pressure impacting performance Reaction Time - Ruler drop test minimal equipment simple to set up and conduct assistant required to administer the test Power - Vertical/long jump easy to set up minimal equipment can be administered by the athelet can be done anywhere hard to control chalk difficult to jump with arm outstretched technique is important only tests leg power environment can impact leg length varies