6 Pressure, Flow, Energy, BP, Vaporization, Heat, & Temp

That which changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion of an object Push or pull on an object Vector - direction and magnitude Type of energy = Mass (kg) · Acceleration (m/s^2 ) = (kg · m)/s^2 Newtons (N) (g · cm)/s^2 = Dyne SVR/PVR

Measurement of the amount of change a force produces when it acts on an object/body = Force · Distance (displacement) = (Mass · Acceleration) · Distance = kg · (m/s^2 ) · m = Newton · meters = (kg 〖· m〗^2 )/s^2 = 1 Joule (J)

Kinetic + Potential energy Internal energy of system = sum potential and kinetic energy in the particles w/in the system Energy - the currency of force Capacity to do work (measured in ft lbs) Measured in Joules

= (Mass ·(Velocity)^2 )/2 OR Mass · (Velocity)^2 · 0.5 Energy of motion - energy a mass possesses by being in motion Measured in Joules

= Mass · 9.8 m/s^2 · Height = kg · 9.8 m/s^2 · m = (kg ·〖 m〗^2 )/s^2 = Joule Energy of height (gravity impact) *stored for later use* Example: Rollercoaster Measured in Joules

= Work/Time = Joules/Seconds = Watts

Predicts laminar or turbulent flow (Inertial Forces)/(Cohesive Forces) Re < 2,000 Laminar Flow Re > 4,000 Turbulent Flow (↑ Resistance) Re 2,000−4,000 Transitional Re = (velocity ⋅ diameter ⋅ density)/viscosity Does not consider or predict resistance

Q = ∆P/R ∆P = Q x R R = ∆P/Q Flow - volume gas or liquid passing through cross-sectional area over unit of time (length/seconds) produced by pressure gradient application

= Force/Area ↑ surface area ↓ pressure ↓ area ↑ pressure Density directly proportional ↑ density ↑ pressure Administering drug via 18G vs. 24G IV

Partial pressure - exerted by single gas component of mixture P1 + P2 + P3 + PN = Total pressure

760mmHg 760 Torr 14.7 PSI 1,000cmH2O 100 kPa 1 bar 33 ftH2O

Sea level = 1 Atmosphere 10,000ft = 0.66 (2/3) 1 Atmos 20,000 = 0.5 (1/2) 1 Atmos NOT linear relationship b/w altitude & pressure 60,000 H2O boils 37°C Underwater: 33ft H2O = 2 Atmos 66ft H2O = 3 Atmos 99ft H2O = 4 Atmos H2O much more dense than air

m/s^2 s^2 = traveling at specific rate m/s per second

m/s Cruise control - constant mph

External pressure transmitter equally throughout = homogenous Pressure transmitted equally therefore able to read via gauge to measure pressure w/in Not affected by gravity

Dry air N2 79% 594mmHg O2 21% 159mmHg (1% trace inert gases) Water vapor 47mmHg

Pounds per square inch gauge Set to read 1 atm (14.7psi or 760mmHg) less than absolute pressure Indicates usable/useful volume of gas in container Tank works via negative pressure system, once equilibrates w/ atmosphere then gas will no longer be able to flow out “Empty” tank not truly empty

Absolute pounds per square inch Set to read the TOTAL about gas present in container Cannot get out unless suction out remainder

Gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure Total amount gas present in the container

Stronger intermolecular and cohesive forces = more likely to have laminar flow ↑ IMF ↑ viscosity VISCOSITY keeps molecules “in-line” “Sheets” of molecules Flow α 1/Viscosity ↑ viscosity ↓ flow Viscosity determinant of gas flow when flow is laminar

Velocity, diameter, & density - forces that tend to disrupt cohesive forces therefore molecules move “out of line” Flow α 1/√Density ↑ density ↓ flow Density determinant of gas flow when flow is turbulent Influences probability that interactions b/w fluid molecules will occur - ↑ density ↑ molecules per unit area ↑ chance of molecular collisions ↑ drag ↑ resistance ↓ flow

Temperature at which the vapor pressure of liquid equals ambient pressure Entirety of liquid enters the gas phase ↑ ambient pressure ↑ BP Ex: Desflurane ↑ temperature

Conversion of volatile liquid to a vapor/gas Aided by heat

Total kinetic energy of molecules of a substance Heat energy flows from increased heat to area w/ lower heat energy (hotter to cooler substance) = heat exchange Energy in form of kinetic energy - resides w/in molecules of the substance Thermal gradient or conductance Measurement of substance’s ability to conduct (exchange) heat = thermal conductivity