animal science chp. 9-12
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Wholesale cuts- when is the carcass evaluated? before or after
after the animal has been slaughtered, eviscerated, and split into 2 halves (beef and swine) the lamb carcass remains as a whole carcass
the carcass is composed of…
fat, lean (red meat), bone
the meat industry’s goal is to produce…
relatively large amounts of highly palatable lean and minimal amounts of fat and bone
Conformation characteristics differences are primarily influenced by…
fat deposits and some muscling differences
Grading cattle is done at what ribs?
12th & 13th
how to know if an animal has a large accumulation of fat
an animal that shows a square appearance over the top of its back and appears blocky and deep from a side view
Fat accumulates where?
Fat accumulates first in the flank areas, brisket, dewlap, and throat (jowl); between the hind legs; and over the edge of the loin. Fat fills in behind the shoulders and gives the animal a smooth appearance.
Why is it important for slaughter animals to have some fat?
Slaughter animals need to have adequate amount of fat, because thin animals do not produce a highly palatable consumer product.
Why is fat not noticeable sometimes?
wool camouflages fat depots and thin sheep as well
How is amount of fat on an animal determined?
pressing the fingers of the closed hand lightly over the last several ribs and over the spinal processes of the vertebrae
What has replaced lard and animal fats over time?
vegetable oils
What practices can reduce trimmable fat economically?
breeding and feeding practices
What is the site of reproduction?
Oviduct
know how to label the estrous cycle
labeling
reproduction- What does efficiency mean?
a measure by number of calves or lambs per 100 breeding females or # of pigs per litter
Reproduction is considered…
twice as important as economic returns of livestock production as growth or carcass performance
Functions of the ovaries
production of oocytes (egg) and production of hormones estrogen and progesterone
Each oocyte devleops into a…
follicle (Primordial follicle grows larger to eventually form a Graafian follicle (or ovulating follicle)
Ovulation
release of the oocyte
After ovulation the tissue forms a…
corpus luteum
What are the oviducts?
they transport the oocyte and sperm and are the site of fertilization and early devlopment
What is the infundibulum?
is the “baseball mitt” part and catches the released oocyte from the follicle
What are the functions of the uterus?
• assists in sperm transport • regulation of the corpus luteum • site of attachment and pregnancy • expulsion of the fetus and fetal membranes
What are the functions of the cervix?
facilitates sperm transport and prevents uterine contamination (physical barrier and secretion of mucus)