4.1
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a) what are the names corresponding to the first ten members of the alkanes homologous series and the corresponding alkyl groups?
1 : methane : methyl 2 : ethane : ethyl 3 : propane : propyl 4 : butane : butyl 5 : pentane : pentyl 6 : hexane : hexyl 7 : heptane : heptyl 8 : octane : octyl 9 : nonane : nonyl 10 : decane : decyl
Name for alkanes?
-ane
Functional group and name for alkenes?
C=C : -ene
Functional group and name for haloalkane?
C-X (where X is a halogen) : halo- (e.g. bromo-)
Functional group and name for alcohols?
C-OH : hydroxy- or -ol
Functional group and name for aldehydes?
R-C=O (where R is other organic stuff) : oxo- or -al | H
Functional group and name for ketone?
R-C=O (where R is organic stuff but not hydrogen) : oxo- or -one | R
Functional group and name for carboxylic acid?
-C=O : -oic acid | OH
Functional group and name for esters?
-C=O : alkyl -anoate | O- With the alcohol contributing the alkyl, and the acid contributing the -anoate
b) i) What is the general formula?
The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.
b) ii) What is the structural formula?
The minimal detail that shows the arrangements of atoms in a molecule (CH3CH2CH3) Ester: COO carboxylic acids: COOH
b) iii) What is the displayed formula?
The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them.
b) iv) What is the skeletal formula?
A displayed formula with the hydrogens having been removed from the alkyl chains.
c) i) What is the definition of a homologous series?
A series of organic compounds which have the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2.
c) ii) What is a functional group?
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound.
c) iii) What is an alkyl group?
A compound of formula CnH2n+1
c) iv) what is an aliphatic?
A compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings.
c) v) What is an alicyclic
An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains.
c) vi) What is an aromatic?
A compound containing a benzene ring.
c) vii) What is a saturated compound?
A compound which contains only single carbon-carbon bonds.
e) What are structural isomers?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
f) What are the different types of covalent bond fission?
Homolytic fission: where each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals. Heterolytic fission: where one of the bonding atoms receives both electrons from the bonded pair.
g) What is the definition of a radical?
A species with an unpaired electron. It is shown by a dot.
h) What does a curly arrow represent?
The movement of an electron pair.