2: GENETIC BACKGROUND OF DEVELOPMENT
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a slender material inside the nucleus, usually found as colored bodies during cell division.
Chromosome
Each chromosome is composed of ____ which separate during cell division
sister chromatids
has a ____ or primary constriction (“waist line”), where the kinetochore proteins are attached.
centromere
____ the sight of attachment of spindle fibers. The tip of the chromosome arm, needed for chromosome stability, is called ____.
Kinetochore telomeres
centromere is at the middle part of the chromosome
Metacentric
centromere is sub-median; (near the middle); long-up & short-down
Sub-metacentric
centromere is at the subterminal portion; (3/4 at tip of chromosome); short-up & long-down
Acrocentric
centromere is at the terminal end of the chromosome
Telocentric
A sexually reproducing individuals possess ____, one set coming from the male and another set coming from the female parent
two sets of chromosomes (2n)
complete set of chromosomes coming from either parent
Genome
Each of the chromosome in a genome has corresponding ____
identical chromosomes or homologue.
Each ____ divides once the cell divides. This is accomplished through cell division.
chromosome
continuity of life is based upon the reproduction of cells
cell division.
CELL DIVISION purpose
• multicellular organism to grow and • reach the adult size, • replaces worn-out or damaged cells, and • keeps the total number of cells in an adult organism relatively constant.
The Key Roles of Cell Division
• unicellular organisms reproduce by cell division • necessary for the repair and renewal of the worn-out tissues • for the formation of new cells • for cell growth, development and tissue differentiation
involved in in the distribution of the identical genetic materials (DNA) to two daughter cells
Cell division
The genes are located in a ____ that is found in the nucleus
chromosome Chromosomes are greatly involved in cell division and in the reproductive process of an organism.
series of stages in the life of the cell is referred to as
cell cycle.
referred to as the “preparatory stage”
Interphase
▪ it is the longest phase in the cell cycle for most cells ▪ typically, it lasts for at least 90% of the total time required for the cell cycle
Interphase
a cell at interphase may appear resting under the microscope but it actually goes through a period of ____
very high metabolic activity
• grow in size; cell increases in volume • cell is preparing the chemicals necessary for DNA synthesis • ER, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria and chloroplast are formed • chromatin, although it would appear as darkly staining materials, if stretched would resemble a long chromatin fiber
G1 phase (first growth phase)
• each of the chromosomes is replicated by the cell • where DNA synthesis or replication occurs
S phase (DNA synthesis)
• cell “double checks” the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs • active synthesis of RNA and proteins (needed for synthesis of chromosomes) • formation of mitotic spindle occurs • doubled chromatin fiber folds to form a chromosome • continue until the onset of mitosis
G2 phase (second growth phase)