13c - TCP/IP Stack
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State one use for each of the protocols: Telnet, FTP, POP3
Telnet: To manage / control / execute commands on a remote machine; FTP: Enable files on one host / computer / client to be copied to another host / computer / server; To manage files on a remote computer / server; POP3: To retrieve / fetch (stored) email; To check for new emails;
In which layer of the TCP / IP stack is the browser operating? 1 Mark:
Application;
Explain why the student’s computer might need to make several HTTP GET requests to display one web page. 1 Mark:
To fetch different parts of the web page that also include an URL; To fetch a needed image / video / javascript / css / resource;
In which layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack does a router operate? 1 Mark:
Network;
What does HTTP stand for? 1 Mark:
Hypertext Transfer Protocol;
What is the difference between HTTP and HTTPS? 2 Marks:
HTTPS is secure; HTTPS (usually) uses port 443, HTTP (usually) uses port 80/Use different port numbers; HTTPS uses SSL/Secure Socket Layers; HTTPS is encrypted;
Describe a typical website that might be accessed using HTTPS.
A description of any website which could reasonably require secure data transmission;
Explain how the transport layer of the TCP/IP stack determines which application layer software on the server should deal with a received request. 1 Mark:
(The transport layer will) use the port number to (determine which server / software should deal with the request) // by adding a port number to the request/data/packet;
Describe one function of the network layer of the TCP/IP stack. 1 Mark:
Adds source IP / destination IP address(es) (to datagrams/packets); Performs routing // selects the next host / hop to transmit a datagram/packet to;
Using an example, outline the principles of Client-Server operation. 3 Marks:
Server provides a resource/the Internet/a database/file/application/CD ROM/printer; Within a network; Client computer requests the service; and waits for the response;
Give three benefits of a client-server system. 3 Marks:
Client workstations can have lower processing speeds/hard disc capacity – and so cheaper; A print server will manage the printing on behalf of the clients; All client workstations can share 1 copy of an application; All client workstations can share data/backups easier; Enables greater security such as access rights/control over Internet access/firewall/one Internet access point; Upgrades easily managed because only one copy of software; Licensing is managed because use can be monitored.
State two reasons why JSON might have been chosen to encode the data instead of XML, assuming that the software supports both methods. 2 Marks:
More compact; A. facilitates faster transmission, smaller file size, uses less memory, quicker to parse; Structure understood directly in some languages (e.g. JavaScript); (Native) support for arrays; Easier for humans to read/write/understand;