Anatomy of the Respiratory System
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Chemotactic factors involved in the secondary defence?
-macrophages -neutrophils -lung epithelial cells
primary defence of the lungs
-cough -mucocilary clearance -intact epithelium
outline pulmonary circulation in detail
1 deoxygenated blood enters RA and then RV 2- Blood pumped via R and L PA to the R and L lungs 3-passes through dense capillary network where gas exchange occurs 4-oxygenated blood drains into the R and L PV 5-returns to the LA then LV 6-pumped around systemic circulation back to RA
Brief description of pulmonary circulation
• Blood is oxygenated as it travels through the lung before entering the systemic circulation -alveoli relieve nutrition directly from circulation
Describe bronchial circulation
-supplies conducting airways with oxygenated blood -bronchial vessels arise from systemic circulation -provides nutrition for lung tissue
what do type one simple squamous epithelium cells do?
involved in gas exchange
What do type 2 simple squamous epithelium cells do?
-produce surfactant which reduces surface tensions -prevents lung collapse
list the parts of the respiratory system
-Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue -cartilage -submucosal glands -goblet cells -columnar epithelial (ciliated)
what is the function of alveolar macrophages?
-patrol alveoli -engulf foreign bodies -maintain sterile environment in the lungs
What does the acinus include?
-terminal bronchiole -all respiratory bronchioles -alveolar ducts alveoli
name the functional unit of the lungs
the acinus
list the cells in the airways
-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium -goblet cells -mucus glands -simple cubodial epithelium -alveolar macrophages -simple squamous epithelium
how are lobules seperated from each other?
interlobular septum made of connective tissue
what are lung segments sub divided into?
lobules each with own bronchiole
how many segments does each lung have?
R -10 L-8/9
How are the lungs protected and supported?
support-diaphragm protection-ribs each lung is surrounded by a double layer if pleural membrane visceral-around lungs parietal-around inside of ribs
what is the structure of the right lung?
-shorter -3 lobes (upper, middle, lower) -oblique- horizontal fissure
what is the structure of the left lung?
-longer -hollowed out area for heart -divide into 2 lobes (upper and lower) -oblique tissue -10 percent smaller
why is the structure of the respiratory bronchioles important in allowing their function to diffuse gas?
-thinner walls less supporting cartilage -alveoli-thin -slower flow
what’s the purpose down to terminal bronchioles?
-conduction of air -faster flow -walls resist collapse
what is the function of c shaped bands of cartilage?
prevents the trachea from collapsing
define dichotomous branching
divides into 2
what is the function of the larynx?
-phonation- when air is pushed from the lungs through the glottis, which is the opening between the vocal folds located in the larynx. -protects the lungs allows air into lungs
list of the structures in the lower respiratory tract
-larynx -trachea -bronchi -lungs