Lecture 12 - Vitamins, Minerals, Digestion, Systems
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What are the 2 classifications of vitamins?
• fat soluble (adek) - water soluble (c,b)
What are the macrominerals? How much of them are required?
Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl and S • required in greater amounts
What are the microminerals? How much of them are required?
Cr, Co, Cu, Fl, Fe, I, Mo, Se, Zn • required in lesser amounts
What does digestion start with?
Pretension and mastication
What is the importance of saliva in digestion?
Saliva = water+mucus+enzymes • assist in digestion • lubricated food to aid in swallowing Ruminants - maintain fluid consistency and rumen pH, rich in bicarbonate Pigs - Salivary amylase (starch digestion)
Esophagus function
Transport of food to stomach through peristalsis
What is peristalsis?
Involuntary and rhythmic response
How is the stomach divided?
Anatomically by type of glands and secretions Cardiac and pyloric regions - secrete primarily mucus (Fundic region- secreted water, mucus, HCl and pepsinogen)
What are the characteristics of the stomach and its pH?
• pH between 2 and 4 (decreases survival of micoorganisms in feeds) • pH begins protein desaturation • Activation of pepsinogen
To what affect are proteins denatured in the stomach without enzymes?
Disruption of quaternary, tertiary, and secondary structures • loss of function • does not disrupt primary structure
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
What is the function of the Duodenum?
• receives bile from gallbladder (produced by liver) - receives digestive secretions from pancreas
What is the importance of bile?
• no digestive enzymes • created in the liver • stored in the gallbladder
What are the enzymes of the duodenum?
• pancreatic lipase (digestion of lipids) • chymotrypsin and trypsin (hydrolysis proteins to shorter chain peptides) • peptidases (hydrolysis peptides into amino acids) • pancreatic amylase (breaks down starch) • sucrose,lactase, maltase (disaccharides)
What are the digestive enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract?
Amylase Lactase Maltase Sucrose Lipase Pepsin Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase Aminopeptidase
What takes place in the duodenum?
• major site of digestion Has secretions of the liver and pancreas
Where are villi and the function of them?
• finger like projections • line the small intestine • increase efficiency of absorption in jejunum and upper ileum • increase surface area which increases rate of absorption
What is passive transport?
Diffusion across surface of epithelial cells (at no energetic cost) - fatty acid absorption
What is active transport?
Nutrient transporters (requires energy) • amino acids and glucose
How are different types of nutrients absorbed?
Water soluble - passed to the bloodstream Water insoluble - pass to lymphatic system
What are the parts of the large intestine?
Cecum, colon, rectum
What are the functions of the large intestine?
Substantial water absorption Cecum and colon microbial populations