Neurones and neuronal transmission

1-the neurone is at resting potential meaning that no action potential is taking place -the outside of the neurone is more positive than the inside (due to a higher concentration) and the inside is more negative -here the membrane is POLARISED

a specialized nerve cell that serves as the fundamental unit of the brain and nervous system, responsible for receiving sensory input, sending motor commands, and transmitting electrical/chemical signals throughout the body.

2- the action potential occurs which causes the polarity to switch at this point (so outside becomes more negative than the inside) and a small area of the membrane becomes DEPOLARISED

3-the membrane is sensitive and can sense the AP change and therefore it creates a chain reaction causing the AP to spread in the terminal direction -here PROPAGATION occurs which is when the reaction is triggered on the adjacent side of the neurone

4-once this happens, the ions get moved back to their original positions meaning that they are being REPOLARISED -here the neurone is an a REFRACTORY PERIOD in which another AP cannot occur whilst the ions are moving. The refractory period stops the AP from happening as the AP can only move in one direction

a chemical messenger that transmits signals across a synapse

tore neurotransmitters and release them into the synapse when an action potential arrives

carries info from receptors to the CNS

connects neurones within the CNS

carries info from the CNS to effectors

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

contains the nucleus and controls the neurones activities

A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

to receive signals

to send signals

the rate at which a neuron produces action potentials; usually expressed in terms of spikes per second

Proteins embedded in the membrane that open and close to allow ions through

charged particles

Fatty layer that wraps around axon of some neurons,speeding up transmission of APs through a process called saltatory conduction

gaps in the myelin sheath

the jumping of action potentials from node to node

to release NTs/ send the signal onto the next neurone