Halogenoalkanes
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How do you name a halogenoalkane with more than one halogen?
Alphabetically
What is the prefix for a halogenoalkane?
Iodo- Bromo- Chloro-
What are the three groups that halogenoalkanes can be classed into?
Tertiary Primary Secondary
What is a primary halogenoalkane?
One carbon is attached to the carbon atom that is joined to the halogen.
What is a secondary halogenoalkane?
Two carbons are attached to the carbon atom that is joined to the halogen.
What is a tertiary halogenoalkane?
Three carbons are attached to the carbon atom that is joined to the halogen.
What kind of reactions can halogenoalkanes undergo?
Elimination or Nucleophillic substitution
What is substitution?
Swapping a halogen atom for another atom or group of atoms.
What is a nucleophile?
An electron pair donator.
Give 3 nucleophile examples.
:OH- :NH3 :CN-
What do the curly arrows show?
The movement of the pair of electrons.
Where does the curly arrow start and end?
From the lone pair of electrons to the carbon atom. Then from the bond between the carbon and the atom that is being substituted to the atom that is being substituted.
What does the rate of a substitution reaction depend on?
The strength of the C-X bond. The weaker the bond, the easier it is to break and the faster the reaction.
In group 7, which element forms the weakest C-X bond and which forms the strongest?
Iodine is the weakest and fluorine is the strongest.
Define hydrolysis?
The splitting of a water molecule by a reaction with water.
What is formed from a nucleophilic substitution with aqueous hydroxide ions?
Alcohol
What is the condition needed when using aqueous hydroxide ions?
In warm aqueous solution.
What does a reaction with CN form?
Nitrile
What is the condition needed when using cyanide ions?
Heating under reflux
Where does the nitrile functional group have to be?
At the end of the group.
How would you name a nitrile with 4 carbons?
ButanEnitrile.
What is formed from a nucleophilic substitution with ammonia?
Amine
What is the reagent needed for the nucleophilic substitution with ammonia?
NH3 dissolved in ethanol.
What is the condition needed for the nucleophilic substitution with ammonia?
Heating under pressure.