Module 2.2.2 - Bonding and Structure definitions
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What is an ionic bond?
The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged (positively and negatively) ions
What is the octet rule?
The tendency to acquire a noble gas electron configuration (8 electrons in its outer shell)
What is covalent bonding?
The strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms
What are lone pairs (of electrons)?
Pairs of electrons in the outer shell of an atom not involved in covalent bonding
What is a single covalent bond?
The sharing of one pair of electrons between two atoms
What are multiple (double/triple) covalent bonds?
A double/triple covalent bond is the sharing of two/three pairs of electrons between two atoms
What is dative covalent (coordinate) bonding?
The strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms, where only one of the atoms supplies both of the electrons shared
What is metallic bonding?
The **strong electrostatic attraction ** of a lattice of cations (positive metal ions) to a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons.
What does the giant ionic lattice result from?
The regular arrangement of oppositely charged ions strongly attracted in all directions
What do substances need in order to conduct electricity?
Mobile charge carrier such as delocalised electrons or mobile ions
What does ‘mobile’ mean
Free to move
What is average bond enthalpy?
Average bond enthalpy can be used as a measurement of covalent bond strength
What is the basis of electron pair repulsion theory?
• Electron pairs repel each other to get as far away as possible • Lone pairs repel more strongly than bonding pairs • Shape is determined by the number and type of electron pairs (bond pairs / lone pairs) around the central atom
What does a normal line in a 3D shape represent?
Shows a bond in the plane of paper
What does a bold wedge in a 3D shape represent?
Bond comes out from the plane of the paper towards you
What does a dashed line/dotted wedge in a 3D shape represent?
Bond going out from the plane of the paper away from you
What is a linear molecule?
• 2 bonded pairs, 0 lone pairs • bond angle 180°
What is a trigonal planar molecule?
• 3 bonded pairs, 0 lone pairs • bond angle of 120°
What is a tetrahedral molecule?
• 4 bonded pairs, 0 lone pairs • bond angle of 109.5°
What is a octahedral molecule?
• 6 bonded pairs, 0 lone pairs • bond angle of 90°
What is a pyramidal molecule?
• 3 bonded pairs, 1 lone pair • bond angle of 107° (109.5°-2.5°)
What are the non-linear molecules?
• 2 bonded pairs, 1 lone pair • bond angle of 117.5° (120°- 2.5°) OR • 2 bonded pairs, 2 lone pairs • bond angle of 104.5° (109.5°- 5°)
What is electronegativity?
The ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons towards itself in a covalent bond
What are non-polar bonds?
The difference in electronegativity is 0, bonded electrons are equally distributed