PE Boost (Test 2)

• superior and inferior vena cava • aorta • left and right atrium (top) • left and right ventricle (bottom) • pulmonary vein and artery • heart muscles

• Oxygenated blood arrives from the lungs through the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium • Oxygenated blood passes into the left ventricle • A powerful contraction of the heart muscle pumps oxygenated blood out through the aorta • Deoxygenated blood comes back and enters the right atrium through the vena cava • Deoxygenated blood passes into the right ventricle • Deoxygenated blood returns to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.

• Blood plasma - 55% is plasma - a yellowy liquid containing water (90%), waste and hormones • Blood volume - 45% of blood volume is the blood cells Blood Cells: RED BLOOD CELLS - contain haemoglobin which carries the oxygen WHITE BLOOD CELLS - fight infection PLATELETS - responsible for blood clotting

• Increase Resting Rate: 60-80 BPM Exercise Rate: Moderate120-150 BPM Intense180-200 BPM HR increases to meet energy demands of exercise and deliver more O2 to working muscles. Allowing us to work at a higher aerobic intensity.

In - chest expands and diaphragm contracts Out - chest contracts and diaphragm relaxes

• Increase Resting Rate: 60-80 BPM Exercise Rate: Moderate 120-150 ml/beat Intense 150-180 ml/beat Amount of blood injected out of the heart per beat, It will reach max at around 40% max HR - due to the heart only being so big

• Increase Resting Rate: 5-6 L/min Exercise Rate: Moderate 12-15 L/min Intense 20-30 L/min An increased leads to more O2 rich blood being distributed to working muscles per minute. Allowing us to work at a higher aerobic intensity.

Pulmonary flow - pulmonary blood flow (small beat is to lungs) Systemic flow - systemic blood flow (large beat to get oxygen to muscles)

Vein - haemoglobin carries CO2 (carries blood back to the heart) Artery - haemoglobin carries O2 (oxygenated blood to the working muscles, carries blood away from the heart)

Rate(BPM) x volume(ml/beat) = total cardiac output(L/min) => HR x SV = Q

• Nasal cavity, Larynx / Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi Breathing in - Low pressure within the chest cavity and a higher pressure in the outside air, Therefore the air moves into the lungs Breathing out - High pressure within the chest cavity and a lower pressure in the outside air, Therefore the air moves out of the lungs

• Heart • Blood vessels • Blood • Pulmonary circuit • Systemic circuit

• Circulate blood • Bring O2, water & nutrients to the cells • Take CO2 & other wastes away from the cells • Maintain body temperature and hydration • Fight disease • Blood clotting

• Increase Resting Rate: 12-16 BPM Exercise Rate: Moderate 20-30 BPM Intense 40-50 BPM BR increases to meet energy demands of exercise and deliver more O2 to working muscles. Allowing us to work at a higher aerobic capacity.

• Increase Resting Rate: 500ml/breath Exercise Rate: Moderate 2.5L/breath Intense 3.0L/breath TV increases to allow greater volumes of blood/O2 being taken in per breath. Allowing us to work at a higher aerobic intensity.

• Increase Resting Rate: 6L/min Exercise Rate: Moderate 50-75L/min Intense 120-150L/min An increased rate leads to more O2 rich blood being distributed to the heart and to the working muscles per minute. Allowing us to work at a higher aerobic intensity.

Pulmonary Diffusion - occurs between the lungs and the heart through alveoli (site where gas is exchanged) Capillaries - the networks that allow exchange between blood and the tissue

Blood Pressure - the pressure exerted on the arterial wall 120/80 systolic-pumping phase /diastolic-relaxed phase high BP - hypertension low BP - hypotension

• Increase Resting Rate: Low Exercise Rate: High The difference between oxygen saturation within the arteries as opposed to the veins. Directly related to muscular O2 demand.

• Increase Resting Rate: Muscles 20% Organs 80% Exercise Rate: Muscles 20% Organs 80% Vasoconstriction(20%) occurs in arterioles supplying oxygen to the inactive areas and vasodilation(80%) occurs in arterioles supplying oxygen to the working muscles.