C1.2 HL Anaerobic Pathways
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Why is NAD⁺ regeneration essential in anaerobic respiration?
Allows glycolysis to continue, sustaining 2 ATP/glucose. Keywords: electron acceptor, continuity.
What happens in lactic acid fermentation?
Pyruvate reduced to lactate, regenerating NAD⁺. Keywords: reversible, skeletal muscle.
What happens in alcoholic fermentation?
Pyruvate → ethanol + CO₂, regenerating NAD⁺. Keywords: ethanal, yeast.
Compare ATP yield: aerobic vs anaerobic.
Aerobic: ~32 ATP Anaerobic: 2 ATP (glycolysis only). Keywords: low yield, oxygen absence.
Why must oxygen be excluded during brewing?
Yeast will shift to aerobic respiration and stop producing ethanol. Keywords: fermentation conditions.
What is the main difference between anaerobic respiration in microbes vs eukaryotes?
Microbes can use alternative electron acceptors (nitrate, sulfate). Keywords: anaerobic ETC.