3.14 Organic Synthesis
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What is organic synthesis?
Using reaction mechanisms to create a target molecule from a starting molecule
Why do you try and keep the number of steps as low as possible
To improve the percentage yield of the final product
What could cause the yield of an individual step to be low?
Product left in reaction mixture each time/inefficient separation Incomplete/reversible reactions
What is the main oxidising agent used in organic chemistry
Acidified potassium dichromate (VI), K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4
What are primary alcohols oxidised to?
Aldehydes, then carboxylic acids
What are secondary alcohols oxidised to?
Ketones
What are the three main reducing agents used in organic chemistry; what do they reduce?
NaBH4 (sodium tetrahydridoborate (III)) reduces C=O (H- attacks C delta +) H2/Ni reduces C=C Tin(Sn) /HCl reduces NO2 to NH2
What are the two main dehydrating agents used?
Al2O3 (vapours passed over it) Acid-Catalysed elimination by H3PO4
What does a compound being solid indicate?
Long C chain or ionic
What does a compound being liquid indicate?
Medium C chain or polar bonding or hydrogen bonding
What does a compound being a gas indicate?
Short carbon chain or non-polar bonds
What does being soluble in water indicate about a compound
Suggests the compound has polar groups
What does being insoluble in water indicate about a compound?
Suggests the compound has non polar groups
What does a smoky flame when burnt suggest?
High C:H ratio, possibly aromatic
What does a non-smoky flame suggest?
Low C:H ratio, not aromatic
If an excess of primary amine is reacted with bromomethane, what is the product
RNHCH3 - only one substitution as amine is in excess
Draw a flowchart linking together all organic reactions studied over the two years, with mechanism name and reagents/conditions
Draw a flowchart linking together all organic reactions of benzene, with mechanism name and reagents/conditions