Lecture 1 Introduction
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Define developmental biology
Study of sequential events leading to formation of embryo, its development through ante, new and post natal life
Development biology answers which 4 questions
How do cells acquire different characteristics? How do cells organize themselves into organs? What controls the behavior of cells? How do cells communicate with each other?
2 techniques used to study developmental biology
• Animal models - vert/invert 2. Techniques - microscopy, genetics
What are the 3 things mostly studied in developmental biology
cell behavior - cell movement, prolif and differentiation Genetic program - gene expression and regulation cell-cell communication - cell signalling
Cells contain all determinants (genes) but may execute… What underpins this decision
subset of the program available (somatic cells) or the whole program (germ cells) Cell communication and cell signalling
All cells have the same..
ALL CELLS HAVE THE SAME DNA, BUT DIFFERENT CELLS EXPRESS DIFFERENT GENES.
THE REPERTOIRE OF PROTEINS PRESENT IN A CELL UNDERPINS…
ITS IDENTITY AND FUNCTION.
Example of paracrine and autocrine signalling
Shh, Wnt, TGFb, BMP, FGF signaling
Example of juxtacrine signalling
Notch
Transmission to nucleus involves…
Transmission to the nucleus involves signal transduction cascade (cell surface, cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins that relay signals from the cell surface to the nucleus)
What dictates the protein content of a cell
Transcription and translation
What levels does a cell operate control on a gene program
Several levels are which a cell operate a control on a gene program: - the production of mRNA - the processing/stability of mRNA - the production of proteins - the activity of proteins
Control of genetic program at level of gene transcription x 4
differential gene expression enhancer-mediated control of gene expression control at level of chromatin miRNA
Cells become different to each other via…
distinct behaviours (division, adhesion, migration, death) and cell-cell communication (paracrine, autocrine, juxtracrine)
3 phases of cell signalling
reception transduction response
Cell signalling results in…
Changes in gene expression profile of a cell These changes operate mainly at level of mRNA synthesis (transcription) through activity of specific TF
which of the following basic developmental processes is most dependent on cellular MOVEMENTS
morphogenesis