Chapter 3

Activated carrier that donates the carbon atoms in its readily transferable acetyl group to many metabolic reactions, including citric acid cycle and fatty acid biosynthesis.

A small molecule that stores energy or chemical groups in a form that can be donated to many different metabolic reactions.

The energy that must be acquired by a molecule to undergo a chemical reaction.

Nucleoside diphosphate produced by hydrolysis of the thermal phosphate of ATP.

Set of metabolic pathways by which large molecules are made from smaller ones.

An enzyme-catalyzed process by which complex molecules are formed from simply substances by living cells; also called anabolism.

Set of enzyme-catalyzed reactions by which complex molecules are degraded to simpler ones with release of energy; intermediates in these reactions are sometimes called catabolites.

The acceleration of a chemical reaction by lowering its activation energy; enzymes perform this role in cells.

Linked pair of chemical reactions in which free energy released by one reaction serves to drive the other reaction.

Process by which molecules and small particles move form one location to another by random, thermally driven motion.

Thermodynamic quantity that measures the degree of disorder in a system.

A protein that catalyzed a specific chemical reaction.

State in which the forward and reverse rates of a chemical reaction are equal so that no net chemical change occurs.

For a reversible chemical reaction, the ration of substrate to product when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.

Energy that can be harnessed to do work, such as driving a chemical reaction.

The concentration of substrate at which an enzyme works at half its maximum rate/velocity; serves as a measure of how tightly the substrate is bound.

The sum total of the chemical reactions that take place in the cells of a living organism.

Activated carrier widely used in the energy-producing breakdown of sugar molecules.

Used as an electron donor in biosynthetic pathways. In the process it is oxidized to NADP.

Removal of electrons from an atom, as occurs during the addition of oxygen to a carbon atom or when a hydrogen is removed from a carbon atom. The opposite is reduction.

Addition of electrons to an atom, as occurs during the addition of hydrogen to a carbon atom or the removal of oxygen from it. The opposite is oxidation.

General term for any process in a cell in which the uptake of molecular oxygen is coupled to the production of CO2.

A molecule on which an enzyme acts.

The number of substrate molecules an enzyme can convert into product per second.