Food Safety

Estimated 1 in 10 people fall ill from foodborne illness worldwide 600 million illnesses worldwide (1 in 8 canadians) 420,000 deaths per year * Especially young children * ⅓ deaths are from children * Elderly are also susceptible

Norovirus Listeria Salmonella E. coli Campylobacter May be causes by bacteria, viruses, and parasites Bacteria are the most common

CFIA (canadian food inspection agency)

Traceability - Determining the origins and subsequent distribution of contaminated food

Foodborne, but does not originate from animal products * RNA virus * Easily transmitted Transmission: * Aerosolized vomit, person to person, fecal - oral * Small infectious dose: 10-20 virions * “Cruise ship diarrhea” * Most prevalent strain: Gll.4 Sydney Symptoms: * Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea stomach cramps

Norovirus * 300/400 outbreaks/yr * Only outcompeted by the common cold * #1 cause of vomiting and diarrhea

• Meat and poultry • Milk • Fish and seafood • Fruits, vegetables, cereals • Ready to eat foods

Bacterial Infection (often foodborne) * Gram negative rods * Salmonella enterica & Salmonella bongori Major cause of foodborne illness worldwide * Major reservoir in chickens * #1 bacterial pathogen Transmission through consumption of contaminated food of animal origin Widely distributed in domestic and wild animals Prevalent in food animals Poultry, pigs, cattle Prevalent in pets Cats, dogs, birds, and reptiles like turtles Disease symptoms (human) occurs 6-72 hours (usually 12-36 hours) after ingestion Lasts 2-7 days

Determine the source * This is tricky because it can be found in many foods Control Measures are required at all stages of the food chain * Agricultural production * Processing, manufacturing, and preparation of foods Many potential routes of salmonella contamination * Every step on the farm to fork chain can be a source of contamination * Animals * Manufacturing * Transport Trucks * Restaurants * Homes

Person to person * Fecal-oral route Contact with infected pets or farm animals Reptiles and birds * Petting zoos is big (this is why there are hand wash stations) Handling contaminated pet foods or pet treats * Pig ears have done it Backyard poultry operations have a tendency to cause salmonella Salmonella is a very common zoonotic disease

Many strains, most are harmless * Normal intestinal bacterial flora * Major pathogenic strains include O157 and O121 * The pathogenic strains are linked to shiga toxin Transmission: * Consumption of undercooked meat * Unpasteurized dairy products * Inadequately washed greens and fruits * Unpasteurized drinks (things like apple juice) * Direct contact with contaminated animals in petting farms * Exposure to contaminated water from potable drinking sources

O157 * Shigatoxigenic E. coli (STEC) * Produces shiga toxin * Not an animal disease issue (only affects humans) * Incubation period can range from 33 to 8 days (most patients recover within 10 days) STEC is destroyed by thorough cooking of foods until all parts reach a temperature of 70 degrees celsius or higher Has a high rate of causing recalls It’s hard to find where e coli starts * Takes a long time to definitively determine if it is a O157 outbreak * 2-3 week time period O121 Pathogenic E coli strain * Less common than O157 * Less is known * Linked to Shiga toxin Gastroenteritis (stomach flu) * Watery diarrhea and vomiting * Intestinal Bleeding Federal agencies have zero tolerance for these pathogens Can contaminate flour * Don’t eat raw flour * You gotta cook it to inactivate it * Don’t allow children to eat raw dough products 🙁 Linked to animal feces

Bacterial infection: Listeria monocytogenes Relatively rare * High hospitalization rate (94%) * 178 people infected with Listeria in Canada/year Can be treated with antibiotics High death rate * Leading cause of death due to food borne illness in Canada * 260 deaths per year (US) * 50% of deaths due to food borne illness Pregnant women 10x more likely to develop listeriosis * Miscarriages * Can pass bacteria to offspring Stores are in the soil and mammalian GI tracts These both contaminate vegetation Transmission Animal to animal transmission occurs via the fecal-oral route * Dogs and cats don’t seem to get this * Infectious, but not contagious in humans * Common in domestic mammals and poultry Containment Widespread in the environment * Needs constant monitoring Long incubation period (one to two weeks up to 90 days) * Makes it hard to find the sources

**Bacterial: Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli ** * gram (+) * Comma Shaped Causes * Raw or undercooked poultry * Or consumption of something that touched it * Contaminated water * Contact with animals (Pets may also harbour the disease) * Raw (unpasteurised) milk Generaly harmless to animals, pathogenic to humans Clinical Symptoms * Diarrhea (often bloody), fever, and stomach cramps

• Cross-contamination • Improper Hand washing • Inappropriate storage and temperatures • Contamination by animal waste Everyone is involved in every step of the way

• Occurs through shared surfaces • Can be largely negated by using separate chopping boards and knives

Inappropriate storage of foods * Refrigeration and freezing * Tip: Keep meat at the bottom of the fridge * Cooking at correct temperature High temperatures kill off many bacteria, parasites, and viruses Contamination tends to be on the outside of meat * This is why you need to cook ground meat at even higher temperatures

Microbes present in livestock * Often Healthy livestock * Contamination from animal manure may contaminate ground or water During slaughtering * Contamination of meat and poultry with contents that originate in the animal’s intestines Improper washing of fresh fruits and vegetables

ALL MANURE CAN CARRY PATHOGENS * Livestock * Pets * Deer * Bird * Rodents * Insects * Human Manure=Fecal Matter=Microbes KEEP POOP OFF FOOD

Detection * Stool, body tissue, or fluids * Bacterial culture or DNA test Antibiotics not typically prescribed * People usually get over this by themselves * Drink extra fluids as long as diarrhoea lasts Exceptions: patients with severely weakened immune systems * AIDS, chemotherapy