biology 5

• gram status • taxonomic status • oxygen use

• gram positive (purple) • gram negative (red)

• genus and species • names may change • genome sequencing helps identify correctly

aerobic - needs oxygen anaerobic - cannot survive with oxygen facultative - can live with or without oxygen

• stain red • thin peptidoglycan layer • have an outer membrane w endotoxins • more resistant to antibiotics

• outer membrane protects them • harder to kill • resistant to penicillin

• neisseria gonorrhoeae • neisseria meningitidis • moraxella catararhalis

• haemophilus influenza • legionella pneumophila • escherichia coli

• stain purple • thick peptiglycan wall • no outer membrane • easier of immune system to detect • more sensitive to penicillin (but resistance exists)

• upto 90% peptidoglycan • S layer helps with protection and adhesion

• streptococcus pneumonia • staphylococcus aureus • enterococcus

• bacillus anthracis • listeria monocytogenes

• lag phase • log phase • stationary phase • death phase

• bacteria adjust to environment • little to no division

• rapid cell division • population increases fast

• growth slows • nutrients run out • cell division is = cell death

more cells die than are produced

• submicroscopic • considered non living because it needs a host to produce

• genetic material (DNA or RNA) • protein coat (capsid) • sometimes a lipid envelope • surface spikes for attachment

• lytic cycle • lysogenic cycle

• virus enters cell • uses cell to make new viruses • cell bursts • cell dies

• viral DNA inserts into host DNA • virus stays dormant • can later switch to lytic cycle

• attachment to specific receptors (absorption) • entry into cell • release of viral genome • replication using host machinery • assembly of new viruses • release - if a cell lacks the correct receptor it cannot be infected

• ATP • ribosomes • amino acids • enzymes