Topic: Respiration

Answers must include both similarities and differences to receive full marks. aerobic requires oxygen and anaerobic does not utilize oxygen similarities: 3 max both can start with glucose both use glycolysis both produce ATP/energy(heat) both produce pyruvate carbon dioxide is produced (both start with glycolysis) aerobic leads to Krebs’ cycle and anaerobic leads to fermentation differences: 5 max anaerobic: (fermentation) produces lactic acid in humans (fermentation) produces ethanol and CO2 in yeast occurs in cytoplasm of the cell recycles NADH (NAD+) aerobic cellular respiration pyruvate transported to mitochondria further oxidized to CO2 and water (in Krebs cycle) produces a larger amount of ATP (36-38 ATP)/anaerobic produces less ATP (2) can use other compounds / lipids / amino acids for energy

aerobic cell respiration if oxygen available and anaerobic if unavailable; pyruvate enters mitochondrion for aerobic respiration; whereas pyruvate stays in the cytoplasm for processing under anaerobic conditions; pyruvate converted aerobically into carbon dioxide and water; whereas pyruvate converted anaerobically to lactate; large ATP yield when oxygen available/from aerobic cell respiration; no (further) ATP yield without oxygen;

occurs in cytoplasm; hexose is phosphorylated using ATP; hexose phosphate is split into two triose phosphates; oxidation by removal of hydrogen; (do not accept hydrogen ions/protons) conversion of NAD to NADH (+H+); net gain of two ATP / two ATP used and four ATP produced; pyruvate produced at the end of glycolysis; Accept glucose/fructose/6C sugar instead of hexose. Accept 3C sugar/glyceraldehyde instead of triose.

membranes to compartmentalise / separate from processes in the cytoplasm small size gives large surface are to volume ratio large surface area to volume ratio allows rapid uptake / release of materials matrix contains enzymes of the Krebs cycle / matrix carries out Krebs cycle inner membrane invaginated / infolded / forms cristae to increase the surface area large surface area gives more space for electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation inner membrane contains ATP synthase / ATPase / stalked particles that make ATP (narrow) gap between inner and outer membranes / intermembrane space ( must be stated or labeled) pH / H+ / proton concentration gradient rapidly established / steeper chemiosmosis therefore more efficient / chemiosmosis can occur inner membrane contains the electron transport pathway DNA present to act as genetic material ribosomes for protein synthesis some proteins do not need to be imported

pyruvate is decarboxylated/ CO2 removed link reaction/ pyruvate combined with CoA/ ethanoyl/acetyl CoA formed pyruvate is oxidized/ hydrogen removed reduction of NAD/ formation of NADH + H+ whole conversion called oxidative decarboxylation Krebs cycle C2 + C4 —> C6 C6 —> C5 giving off CO2 C5 —> C4 giving off CO2 hydrogen atoms removed collected by hydrogen-carrying molecules (NADH, FADH2) ATP formed by substrate level phosphorylation oxygen accepts electrons/ oxygen combines with hydrogen total yield per turn of Krebs cycle = 2 CO2,, 3 NADH + H+, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP (directly produced)

by glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate (two molecules) in the cytoplasm with a small yield of ATP/ net yield of 2 ATP and NADH + H+/ NADH aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA by oxidative decarboxylation / NADH and CO2 formed fatty acids / lipids converted to acetyl CoA acetyl groups enter the Krebs cycle (accept acetyl CoA) Krebs cycle yields a small amount of ATP/ one ATP per cycle and FADH2/ FADH + H+/ NADH /NADH + H+/ reduced compounds/ electron collecting molecules these molecules pass electrons to electron transport chain (reject donates H+) oxygen is final electron acceptor/ water produced electron transport chain linked to creation of an electrochemical gradient electrochemical gradient/ chemiosmosis powers creation of ATP through ATPase/synthase/synthetase Accept any appropriate terminology for NAD and FAD.

(Award 1 mark for any of the below; up to 6 marks max.) needed for aerobic (but not anaerobic) resp./simple equation for aerobic resp. used in oxidative phosphorylation oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the ETC also accepts protons to form water / water formed using oxygen allows more electrons along the ETC allows NAD to be regenerated / reduced NAD to be oxidised allows ATP production allows a high yield of ATP from glucose in respiration / 32-38 instead of 2

occurs during aerobic respiration; oxidative phosphorylation occurs during the electron transport chain; hydrogen/electrons are passed between carriers; releasing energy; finally join with oxygen (to produce water); occurs in cristae of mitochondria; chemiosmosis is the movement of protons/hydrogen ions; protons move/are moved against their concentration gradient; into the space between the two membranes; protons flow back to the matrix; through the ATP synthase/synthetase (enzyme); energy is released which produces more ATP/combines ADP and Pi;

acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle glucose / carbohydrates converted to pyruvate in glycolysis pyruvate enters mitochondria pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA by oxidative decarboxylation / hydrogen and CO2 removed fats enter mitochondria fats oxidised to acetyl CoA / oxidation of fatty acids / fats converted to acetyl CoA