Food Additives
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What are the two types of food additives?
Intentional (direct) and Unintentional (indirect)
What are the 3 main groups of direct food additives?
• Food Processing aids / Functional additives • Food Preservatives • Food Quality Enhancers.
Direct (intentional) food additives
These are added deliberately to achieve a desired effect
Indirect (unintentional) food additives
There are added unintentionally as a result of various agricultural, environmental ad domestic practices.
Why are food processing aids used?
For texture improvement
Food processing aid definition
substance that is used for a technical effect during food processing or manufacture but, unlike food additives, its use does not affect the intrinsic characteristics of the food and it results in no or negligible residues of the substance or its by-products in or on the finished food.
What are the classes of food processing aids?
emulsifiers thickeners/thixotropic agents humectants anti-caking agents enzymes foaming agents acids alkalis buffers
Which 2 food processing aids are used as water binding agents?
humectants and anti-caking agents
Which 2 food processing aids are used for texture improvement?
emulsifiers thickeners/thixotropic agents
Give examples for emulsifiers as food processing aids
mono- & di-glycerides, lecithin, mustard powder
Give examples for thickeners / thixotropic agents as food processing aids
starch, gums, pectin, CMC, whey proteins, sugars
Give examples for humectants as food processing aids
phosphates, polyphosphates, glycerol
Give examples for anti-caking agents as food processing aids
silicates, cornstarch
Give examples for enzymes as food processing aids
bromelain, papain, ficin - as meat tenderizers; & amylases for clarification of fruit juices
Give examples for foaming agents as food processing aids
egg white, milk powder
Give examples for acids as food processing aids
acetic acid, citric acid
Give examples for alkalis as food processing aids
NaHCO3 - leavening agent
Give examples for buffers as food processing aids
Ca(OH)2 - used to stabilize KI of iodized salts. CaOH2 is alkaline and KI is stable in alkaline milieu
How do emulsifiers work as food processing aids?
These molecules are amphipathic and are able to bring aqueous and non-aqueous phases together to form a stable emulsion – ice cream
How do thickeners work as food processing aids?
Added to foods to add body or make product thicker
How do humectants work as food processing aids?
bind moisture and retain it in food product to keep it moist, juicy or succulent
How do anti-caking agents work as food processing aids?
these are compounds such as sugar and salt to prevent them from going soggy.
Why are foaming agents added in food as food processing aids?
in some beverages and desserts, foaming agents (e.g. egg white or milk powder) are added to produce stable foams or make the product fluffy or lighter.
How do anti-foaming agents work as food processing aids?
destabilize foams in products like chicken