MALAYSIA - Politics and Gov of Southeast Asia

It is the shortest sea route between East Africa, the Persian Gulf, and China.

It was one of the region’s dominant trading powers, a center for spreading Islam, and a profound political power in peninsular Malaysia and throughout the northern Malay Archipelago in the fifteenth century

In 1511, Malacca fell to this European country.

Despite several attempts to remove the Europeans from the city by Malay-Muslim rulers and especially the neighboring Sultanate of (?) . It was the (?) with its local allies who finally wrested Malacca from the Portuguese in 1641.

British influence began to expand over peninsular Malaysia from the late eighteenth century onwards, initially through (?) and takeover of (?) and (?)

This treaty gave control over Malacca to Britain, who merged it with Penang and Singapore to become the (?), governed directly by the British Crown until 1946.

This treaty enable Britain to progressively extend its rule over all of peninsular Malaysia as well as North Borneo.

The heterogeneous mix of direct colonial rule in the so-called Strait Settlements and indirect rule in the form of Malay royal sovereignty was reflected in the administrative patchwork of (?),(?),(?) and British (?)

In the Federated States of Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, and Pahang, the British established (?) under which the local Malay rulers—although formally sovereign—had to follow the (?) of a British resident who possessed (?) over all political matters except where (?) and (?) were concerned.

In contrast, the “Unfederated Malay States”—Johor, Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah, and Perlis—kept their (?) political order dominated by (?), and it was only in the (?) century that the resident system was installed in these states

In the (?) and (?), British investments in public infrastructure, the introduction of a Western legal system, and an emerging modern economy contributed to significantly higher levels of (?) at (?) than in the rest of Malaysia.

In contrast, indirect rule in other parts of the peninsula reinforced the (?) , both by maintaining (?) and by providing (?) in areas such as the civil service, land ownership, and the educational system.

The most profound changes triggered by British colonial rule, however, concerned (?).

At the early nineteenth century, the population of the Malay Peninsula was (?) Malay. However, following the migration of (?) laborers, who were hired as cheap labor for the (?), the share of the Malay population dropped to (?). This results to (?)

While the Chinese mostly acted as (?), many Indians were employed in the (?), whereas Malays remained in (?) in the public administration, police, and colonial troops

British Malaya was under (?) during World War II between 1942 and 1945. During this time, local rulers lost influence and the collapse of Malaysia’s (?) escalated ethnic tensions as (?).

The Japanese tried to curry favor with the Malay by fostering (?). The Chinese population was subject to repression and resisted the occupation by creating the (?) and (?) under the leadership of the (?)

Faced with Malay (?) and (?), the British tried to find a way to reconcile ethnic tensions and begin preparations for an (?)

41 Malay organizations merged to become the (?) in May 1946.

It is the political vehicle of the Indian community that was founded in 1946, also criticized the proposal but demanded better political participation for the non-Malay population.

The British dissolved the UMCO in 1948 and instead created the (?)that left the sovereignty of Malay Sultans untouched and gave the constituent states more authority.

How many percent of the Chinese population was granted citizenship which provoked resistance from the newly established (?)

The conflict was resolved in the run-up to the (?) in 1955, when UMNO, MCA, and MIC agreed to form a political coalition called (?)

The political agreement of the Alliance that leads to the formation of that alliance is today known as the (?)