nomenclature
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what is nomenclature?
system of naming compounds- molecules are named according to the rules set down by IUPAC
what are the IUPAC rules for naming compounds?
• Stem • Prefix • Suffix
what does the stem of the IUPAC name tell us?
the number of carbons in the longest chain containing the functional group
what does the prefix of the IUPAC name do?
added before the stem tells us the position of the side chains or functional group side chains are often alkyl groups
what does the suffix of the IUPAC name do?
added to the end of the stem tells us the type of functional group present
give examples of the stem names?
1 carbon = meth- 2 carbons = eth- 3 carbons= prop- 4 carbons = but-
give examples of suffixes based on functional group?
alkene -ene alkane -ane amine - amine alcohol -ol ester -oate carboxylic acid -oic acid
what is the rule for naming alkenes with 4 or more carbons?
the position of the C to C double bond must be indicated
what is different about naming geometric isomer alkenes?
just put a Z or E infront
what is the order for naming compounds?
• find the longest continuous carbon chain which includes the functional group • the main functional group tells you the suffix e.g. ane • number the carbons in the longest continuous chain so that the carbon with the main functional group attached has the lowest possible number • any side chains or less important functional groups are added as a prefix- put these in alphabetical order • if there’s more than one identical side-chain or functional group, use di, tri or tetra
what is the general formula for cyclic alkanes and how do we name them?
CnH2n (2 hydrogens are lost when the cyclic structure is formed) add cyclo as a prefix
what is the general formula for alcohols?
Cn H2n+2 O functional group -OH
what are the ways of classifying alcohols?
Primary, secondary or tertiary
what is the difference between primary secondary and tertiary alcohols?
Primary has 1 R group, OH and 2 Hydrogens bonded to the central C Secondary has 2 R groups, OH and 1 hydrogen bonded to the central C Tertiary has 3 R groups, OH and 0 hydrogens bonded to the central C
what are the rules for naming alcohols?
-if there are 3 or more carbons, indicate where the functional group is -ending with -ol e.g. butanol
what is the general formula for halogenoalkanes?
Cn H2n+1 X where X = F, Cl, Br, or I
what are the prefixes for halogenoalkanes?
fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo