Paper 1: Data Transmission

Data is sent one bit at a time over a single wire. Useful for long distances where fewer wires are preferred (e.g., USB).

Multiple bits of data are sent simultaneously over several parallel wires. Generally faster for short distances (e.g., within a computer).

Data transmission in only one direction (e.g., a radio broadcast).

Data transmission in both directions, but only one direction at a time (e.g., a walkie-talkie).

Data transmission in both directions simultaneously (e.g., a phone call).

A method of transmitting data by dividing it into small units called packets, which are then sent independently over a network and reassembled at the destination. Makes efficient use of network resources.

A simple method of error detection where an extra bit (parity bit) is added to a group of bits to indicate whether the number of 1s is even or odd.

An extra digit added to a code (like an ISBN or barcode) to help detect errors during data entry or transmission.

The process of converting data into a secret code (ciphertext) to prevent unauthorized access.

An encryption method that uses the same key for both encrypting and decrypting data.

An encryption method that uses two different keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. The public key can be shared, but the private key must be kept secret.

A global network of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to communicate.

A system of interlinked hypertext documents (web pages) accessed via the Internet. It’s one of the services that runs on the Internet.

The address of a resource on the internet (like a web page). It tells the browser how and where to find the resource.

The protocol used for transferring files (like web pages, images, etc.) on the World Wide Web.

A secure version of HTTP that encrypts the communication between the web browser and the web server, protecting sensitive data.

The standard markup language for creating web pages. It defines the structure and content of a web page.

A style sheet language used for describing the look and formatting of a document written in HTML. It controls the visual presentation of a web page.

A unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.

A unique hardware address assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) of a device. It’s used for communication within a local network.

A small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user’s computer by the web browser. It can be used to remember information about the user or their browsing activity.

Software that is intended to damage or disable computers and computer systems. Examples include viruses, worms, and spyware.

A type of online fraud where criminals try to trick you into giving them personal information (like passwords or credit card details) by pretending to be a legitimate organization.

An attack that aims to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users, often by overwhelming it with traffic.