MODULE 2: Electrons and Bonding
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What are electron shells?
Energy levels, increases as the shell number increases
What are electron orbitals?
A region around the nucleus that can hold up to 2 electrons
What are the different type of orbitals?
s, p, d and f
What is the difference between the different types of orbital?
The shape
What are s-orbitals?
A spherical orbital- every shell has an s-orbital
What are p-orbitals?
An orbital with a dumb-bell shape, every shell after the first has 3 p-orbitals
What are d-orbitals and f-orbitals?
More complex, after the third shell every shell has 5 d-orbitals and after the fourth shell every shell has 7 f-orbitals
How are orbitals filled?
In order of increasing energy level with opposite spins (different facing arrows)
Why do electrons pair with opposite spins?
Because electrons have the same charge and so repel each other- so they MUST have opposite spins
How do electrons fill orbitals if they are on the same energy level?
One electron fills an orbital before being paired as electrons repel each other
What is the structure of ionic compounds?
Giant ionic lattice between cations and anions
What are the properties of ionic compounds?
High melting and boiling points, soluble, non-conductive (when solid)
What is a covalent bond?
A shared pair of electrons between two non-metals
How many bonds can carbon make?
4
How many bonds can nitrogen make?
3
How many bonds can oxygen make?
2
How many bonds can hydrogen make?
1
What are dative coordinate bonds?
A covalent bond where both of the electrons in the shared pair of electrons has only been provided by one of the bonding atoms
How are dative coordinate bonds represented?
With an arrow pointing away from the atom that provided both of the electrons
What is average bond enthalpy used for?
To measure the strength of a covalent bond