BIOLOGY GENETIC PROCESS UNIT 1
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what is DNA
DNA is a molecule that is made up of four smaller molecules called nucleotides. DNA carries genetic information used to determine traits in living organisms
What does DNA stand for
deoxyribonucleic acid
What is a chromosome
a tightly coiled structure made up of DNA and proteins that contains many genes
what is a gene
-determines physical properties -a segment of DNA -provides instruction for a specific trait or protein
what is a nucleotide
a nucleotide is the basic building block of DNA. each nucleotide is made up of three parts, a phosphate group, five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides join together and form DNA
what is a pruine base
a double-ring structure. In DNA the pruine base is adenine (A) and Guanine (G). pruine bases are paired with pyrimidines to keep DNA structure stable
what is a pyrimidine base
a single-ring structure. In DNA is pyrimidine bases are cytosine (C) and thymine (T).
what is a homologous chromosome
Homologous chromosomes are the same size, shape and contain the same type of genes with one inherited from your mom and one from your dad
what is a karyotype
laboratory produced image of all the chromosomes in a cell, arranged by size and shape, largest at the begging and sex at the end. xx female xy is male -can help identify genetic disorders.
what is alleles
they are different types of genes
what is the complementary base pairings acronym
2 Angry Tigers, 3 Calm Giraffes
what is DNA coiled around
histore proteins
how does the structure of a DNA molecule make it well suited to its function
Hydrogen bonds are weak and cab easily be broken so DNA can be replicated or instructions can be read to make proteins
what is the cell theory
-all living things are composed of cells -new cells only come from pre-existing cells -cells are the basic structure and function of life
in multicellular organisms, what are the three functions of cell division
-growth of cells -repair of tissues or damaged cells -replacement of dying cells
what are the stages of the cell cycle
-Interphase -Mitosis (cell division) -cytokinesis (cell division)
what is the part in the middle of a chromosome called
centromere
what happens in the G1 phase of interphase
-cell growth
what happens in the Synthesis phase of interphase
-DNA is duplicated meaning it makes an exact copy of all its chromosomes.
what happens in the G2 phase of interphase
-cell synthesizes more molecules and prepares for cell division
what is half a chromosome called
chromatid
what is the longest phase in the cell cycle
interphase
what are cell cycle regulators
specialized proteins that mange the timing and progression of cell division
what is visible in interphase
-centrioles -chromatin -nucleolus -nuclear membrane -cell membrane