Particles Of Which Substances Are Made
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What kind of structure does an ionic substance form?
An ionic crystal lattice
What is an ionic crystal lattice?
A giant 3D structure consisting of billions of ions
What kind of force holds an ionic crystal lattice together?
Electrostatic force
What is an electrostatic force?
The force of attraction between negative and positive ions
What is the magnitude of an electrostatic force?
It is very strong
What phase are ionic compounds at room temperature?
Solids
What kind of melting point does an ionic compound have?
High
Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?
It takes a lot of energy to overcome the electrostatic forces holding the solid together
Can ionic compounds conduct electricity?
Not in solid form
Why can’t a solid ionic compound conduct electricity?
The ions are not free to move
When can ionic compounds conduct electricity?
When they are molten When they are dissolved
Why can ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved?
The ions are now free to move around and act as charge carriers
What is an electrolyte?
A solution that has dissolved ions in it i.e a solution that can conduct electricity
What is dissociation?
When the lattice of an ionic compound is broken up
Why are solid ionic compounds brittle?
They break easily
Why do solid ionic compounds break easily?
When pressure is put on them The layers of ions move Like charged ions line up The electrostatic repulsion break the crystal
What two kinds of structures can covalent substances form?
Covalent molecular structures Covalent network structures
What are covalent molecular structures?
Structures made out of covalent molecules
What are intramolecular forces?
The force of attraction existing within a covalent molecule
What is the general magnitude of intramolecular forces?
Strong
What is a polar molecule?
A molecule consisting of atoms, where one atom has a greater electronegativity than the other The bonding pair is more strongly attracted to that atom
What is a non-polar molecule?
A molecule consisting of atoms, where the atoms have an equal electronegativity The bonding pair is perfectly shared between them
What does a polar covalent bond cause?
The more electronegative atom will be more negatively charged The other atom will have a slightly positive charge
What are intermolecular forces?
The forces existing between covalent molecules These forces hold the crystal lattice of covalent molecular structures together