Exam 1 Study Guide
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symptoms: fever, night sweats, rash, mouth sores, swollen lymph nodes pathogen: virus origin: - chimpanzees –> colonialism (prostitution in african cities) - colonial medicine (reuse of needles) - teacher returning to haiti from africa - americans visit haiti for “sex tourism” (MSM) - spread through haiti in plasma centers progression: - infection 2-4 weeks (Swollen lymph nodes, Fever, fatigue, headache, Night sweats) - latent phase 10+ years (no apparent symptoms, spreadable, medicine here can make it undetectable levels & unspreadable - AIDS immune system gone, highly viral, with no treatment, 3 years to live treatment: - anti viral drugs - PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) taken if at high risk for contracting disease - PEP (post exposure prophylaxis) taken if person believes they’ve been exposed - no vaccine
HIV
symptoms: lesion at site of infection (ulcers), rash on palms & soles, swollen lymph nodes pathogen: bacteria progression: primary - ulcers secondary - rash on palms & soles latent - no symptoms, can last for 10+ years tertiary/late - can spread to cardiovascular system, brain (neuropsyphilis) treatment: penicilin
Syphilis
symptoms: itching, burning, soreness of genitals, painful urination, penile & vaginal discharge pathogen: eukaryote (4 small & 1 long flagella) progression: only shows symptoms in 305 of infected treatment: Oral Metronidazole
Trichomonas vaginalis
symptoms: vaginal/penile discharge, burning during urination, abdominal or lower back pain pathogen: bacteria progression: symptoms begin 1-3 weeks after infection treatment: antibiotics
Chlamydia & Gonorrhea
symptoms: cold sores in mouth/on genitals (HSV1, HSV2), chickenpox pathogen: virus progression: cold sores, shingles, latent infection treatment: antiviral medication
herpes
symptoms: genital warts, transformation of epithelial cells, especially of the cervix (leading to cervical cancer) pathogen: virus treatment: vaccine to prevent, no cure
HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)
sores in hands, wasn’t sexually transmitted until a couple years ago
MPox
implantation
enzymes destroy swollen lining of the uterus, embryo embeds itself in uterus
placentation
Trophoblast cells multiply and develop into villi, maternal blood fills openings around embryo
chorion
extra embryonic membrane that takes away waste
allantois
extra embryonic membrane that is responsible for gas exchange
amnion
innermost extra embryonic membrane that encloses the embryo in amniotic fluid
yolk sak
provides nutrients but not very nutrient dense in humans (vestigial)
endoderm
germ layer for internal organs (ex. liver)
ectoderm
germ layer for skin
mesoderm
germ layer for muscle and bone
gastrulation
Establishes the basic body plan and creates the three primary germ layers
embryo vs fetus
Embryo: 0-9 weeks, Fetus: 10 weeks and on
organogenesis
organ formation during pregnancy
neurulation
forming of neural tube (precursor to brain & spinal cord)
penis
allows sperm to exit body
bladder
stored urine
corpus cavernosum
fills with blood to make an erection
corpus spongiosum
fills with blood to make an erection